NATIONAL PARKS OF IRAN, including national nature monuments, wildlife refuges, and protected areas. The first conservation law (the Qānun-e šekār-e…

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, efforts to protect natural resources, wildlife, and ecosystems and to control pollution in Persia. i. In Persia. ii….

IBEX, PERSIAN (Capra aegagrus; PLATE I), also called Persian Wild Goat, in Persian Pazan (pāzan). It is regarded as the…

RED DEER, Cervus elaphus, in Persian: marāl and also gavazn and gāv-e kuhi i. Natural history. ii. In Persian art….

LEOPARD (Panthera pardus, Pers. Palang), the largest and most powerful member of the cat family still occurring in Iran (FIGURE…

CASPIAN SEAL (Phoca caspica), the only mammal in the Caspian Sea. It is a relict species, endemic to the Caspian…

SAND GROUSE (Pers. kokar, sangḵᵛārak, bāqerqera), a family (Pteroclididae) of game birds of which seven species are found in Persia…