Table of Contents
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DE MORGAN, Jacques
Pierre Amiet
(1857-1924), French archeologist and prehistorian. He came from an exceptionally gifted family, in which cultivation of humane learning was combined with scientific rigor. It seems clear that he was less interested in Elamite history than in the overall prehistory of the East.
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DEAD SEA SCROLLS
Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin
parchment and papyrus scrolls written in Hebrew, mainly of the 1st centuries B.C.E. and C.E., found in caves around Qomrān on the northwest coast of the Dead Sea and considered to represent a sect of Judaism.
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DEATH (1)
Mary Boyce
AMONG ZOROASTRIANS
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DEATH (2)
Cross-Reference
IN RELIGIONS OTHER THAN ZOROASTRIANISM. See CORPSE and BURIAL.
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DEBEVOISE, NEILSON CAREL
M. J. Olbrycht and V. P. Nikonorov
(1903-1992), American archeologist and scholar of the history and culture of ancient Mesopotamia and Iran.
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DECCAN
Carl W. Ernst, Priscilla P. Soucek
or Dakhan, Pers. Dakan; the south-central plateau of India, bounded on the north by the Narbada river, on the west by the Sea of Oman, on the east by the Bay of Bengal, and on the south by the Tungabhadra river.
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DECORATION
Priscilla P. Soucek
the use of consciously designed patterns to embellish building surfaces and objects for aesthetic effect. Despite progress in identifying or classifying the features of Persian decorative patterns, few scholars have attempted to explain why particular designs were used in specific periods, regions, or circumstances.
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DECORATIONS
Yaḥyā Šahīdī
In Persia there were no orders in the Western sense, but only decorations and medals. The practice of awarding such honors was initiated by Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah, who introduced the Lion and Sun (nešān-e šīr o ḵoršīd) in 1808, apparently inspired by the Red Crescent adopted by the Ottoman sultan Salīm III.
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DEDE BEG ḎU’L-QADAR
Cross-Reference
See ABDĀL BEG.
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DEDE ʿOMAR RŪŠANĪ
Tahsın Yazici
(b. Güzel Ḥeṣār, Aydın province, in western Anatolia, at an indeterminate date; d. Tabrīz, 1487), Turkish Sufi who wrote poetry in both Persian and Turkish.
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DEDE YŪSOF SĪNAČĀK
Tahsın Yazici
(b. Yenice on the Vardar in Ottoman Māqadūnīā [modern Macedonia] at an indeterminate date, d. Istanbul, 1546), Mawlawī Sufi shaikh, poet, and author.
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DĒDMARĪ, ḴᵛĀJA MOḤAMMAD-AʿẒAM
Shamsuddin Ahmad
(1691-1765), historian, poet, and Sufi of Kashmir.
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DEER
Cross-Reference
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DEFRÉMERY, Charles-François
Francis Richard
(b. Cambray, France, 18 December 1822, d. St.-Valéry-en Caux, France, 18 August 1883), French orientalist and scholar.
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DEH
Daniel Balland and Marcel Bazin
village, in Persia and Afghanistan.
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DEH MORĀSĪ ḠONDAY
Jim G. Shaffer
a Bronze Age archeological site located at 34° 90’ N, 65° 30’ E, adjacent to the village of Deh Morāsī, approximately 27 km southwest of Qandahār and 6.5 km east-southeast of Pahjwāʾī in southeastern Afghanistan.
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DEH-BOKRĪ
Pierre Oberling
Kurdish tribe of Kurdistan.
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DEH-E NOW
Hubertus von Gall
site of a group of four rock-cut tombs of the 4th-3rd centuries BCE, located about 25 km south of Bīsotūn in Kermānšāhān. It is possible that at least the two smaller tombs were astōdāns.
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DEHBĪD
Sayyed ʿAlī Āl-e Dāwūd
town in the šahrestān of Ābāda, Fārs (30° 37’ N, 53° 12’ E), situated on the Shiraz-Isfahan road in a plain 191 km northeast of Shiraz.
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DEHDĀR ŠIRĀZI, ʿEMĀD-al-DIN
Matthew Melvin-Koushki
with pen name taḵalloṣ ʿEyāni, the most prolific Persian author on lettrism in the 10th/16th century; has long been overshadowed by both his father , an astronomer-philosopher and his son, a mystical-philosopher.
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DEHESTĀN
C. Edmund Bosworth
(in modern Persian administrative usage a rural district consisting of a number of villages), the name of a region in medieval Gorgān and a town in Bādḡīs and another in Kermān.
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DEHESTĀNĪ , AʿAZZ-AL-MOLKNEẒĀM-AL-DĪN ABU’L-MAḤĀSEN ʿABD-AL-JALĪL
C. Edmund Bosworth
b. ʿAlī, twice vizier to the Saljuq sultan Barkīāroq (1094-1105).
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DEHESTĀNĪ, ḤOSAYN
Moḥammad Dabīrsīāqī
b. Asʿad b. Ḥosayn Moʾayyadī, Persian translator of the Arabic work al-Faraj baʿd al-šedda by Abū ʿAlī Moḥassen (939-94), a collection of poems, anecdotes, sayings, and didactic remarks arranged in thirteen chapters on the general theme of joy following hardship.
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DEHḴODĀ, MĪRZĀ ʿALĪ-AKBAR QAZVĪNĪ
ʿA.-A. SAʿĪDĪ SĪRJĀNĪ
(ca. 1879–1956), scholar, poet, and social critic. In all his writing Dehḵodā was a perfectionist and a meticulous craftsman. He was a nationalist, outspoken in his convictions, indifferent to the wrath of powerful men, and a firm believer in Persian culture.
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DEHḴᵛĀRAQĀN
Cross-Reference
See ĀẔARŠAHR.
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DEHLAVĪ, ŠĀH WALĪ-ALLĀH QOṬB-AL-DĪN AḤMAD ABU’L-FAYYĀŻ
Marcia K. Hermansen
(1703-62), leading Muslim intellectual of India and writer on a wide range of Islamic topics in Arabic and Persian; more than thirty-five of his works are extant.
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DEHLĪ
Cross-Reference
See DELHI SULTANATE.
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DEHLORĀN
Frank Hole
(Deh Lorān), the name of a šahrestān (subprovince) in Īlām province in southwestern Persia, and of the main town.
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DEHQĀN
Aḥmad Tafażżolī
arabicized form of Syriac dhgnʾ, borrowed from Pahlavi dehgān (older form dahīgān).
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DEIOCES
Rüdiger Schmitt
(Gk. Dēïókēs), name of a Median king.
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DEIPNOSOPHISTAÍ
Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin
lit. "Banquet of the Sophists"; a miscellany in the form of dialogues ostensibly conducted at table, including approximately one hundred passages pertaining to Persia.
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DEITY
Cross-Reference
See under ACHAEMENID RELIGION; AHRIMAN; AHURA MAZDĀ; MANICHEISM ii. The Manichean Pantheon; ZOROASTRIANISM; SHIʿITE DOCTRINE.
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DEJLA
Cross-Reference
See ARVAND-RŪD; TIGRIS.
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ḎEKR
Gerhard Böwering, Moojan Momen
lit., “remembrance”; the act of reminding oneself of God.
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ḎEKRĪS
Cross-Reference
See BALUCHISTAN i.
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DELĀRESTĀQ
Bernard Hourcade
also Delārostāq, Dīlārostāq; dehestān (administrative district) in the šahrestān of Āmol (Lārījān baḵš), on the northeastern slope of Mount Damāvand in Māzandarān.
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DELBARJĪN
Paul Bernard
urban site 40 km northwest of Balḵ, on the northern limit of an oasis irrigated by the Balḵāb, near a defensive wall built during the Greek period (ca 329-130 BCE) to protect the oasis. The earliest stage of the citadel may date from the Achaemenid period.
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DELDĀR,YŪNES MELA RAʾŪF
Joyce Blau
(b. in the sanjaq of Ḵoy in the Ottoman empire, 20 February 1918; d. Erbīl, Iraq, 12 October 1948), Kurdish poet and humanist.
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DELDĀR-ʿALĪ
Juan R. I. Cole
b. Moḥammad-Moʿīn NAṢĪRĀBĀDĪ, Sayyed Ḡofrān-maʾāb (b. Naṣīrābād near Lucknow, 1753, d. Lucknow ca. 1820), Shiʿite cleric of northern India who helped to establish the Shiʿite form of Friday prayers and propagated the rationalist Oṣūlī school of jurisprudence in the Avadh region.
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DÉLÉGATIONS ARCHÉOLOGIQUES FRANÇAISES
Francine Tissot
bodies established by the French government to conduct archeological investigations in Persia and Afghanistan respectively.
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DELHI SULTANATE
Gavin R. G. Hambly, Catherine B. Asher
Muslim kingdom established in northern India by Central Asian Turkish warlords at the turn of the 13th century and continuing in an increasingly persianized milieu until its conquest by Bābor in 1526. The political style of the rulers of Delhi reflected traditional concepts of Persian kingship.
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DELĪKĀNLŪ
Pierre Oberling
tribe of the Ḵalḵāl region in eastern Persian Azerbaijan.
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DELKAŠ
Erik Nakjavani
stage name of ʿEṣmat Bāqerpur Panbaforuš (b. Bābol, Māzandarān, 1924; d. Tehran, 2004) popular Persian singer and actress of the mid-20th century.
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DELKAŠ (1)
Cathérine Poujol
(b. Bukhara at an indeterminate date, d. Bukhara, 1902), Tajik poet and musician known and revered for melodies performed on the tanbūr.
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DELKAŠ (2)
Jean During
an important modal unit (šāh gūša) linked to the dastgāh Māhūr, constituting one of its four main modulations, perhaps the most important in expressive function, which contrasts strongly with that of Māhūr itself.
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DELLA VALLE, PIETRO
John Gurney
(b. Rome, 11 April 1586, d. Rome, 21 April 1652), one of the most remarkable travelers of the Renaissance, whose Viaggi is the best contemporary account of the lands between Istanbul and Goa in the early 17th century.
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DELOUGAZ
Ezat O. Negahban
(b. Ukraine, 16 July 1901, d. Čoḡā Mīš, Persia, 29 March 1975), archeologist and excavator of the ancient site of Čoḡā Mīš in Persia.
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DELŠĀD BARNĀ
Evelin Grassi
(1800-1905), Tajik educator, historian, and poetess bilingual in Persian and Chaghatay Turkish.
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DELŠĀD ḴĀTŪN
Charles Melville
eldest daughter of the Chobanid Demašq Ḵᵛāja and Tūrsīn Ḵātūn, granddaughter of the Il-khanid sultan Aḥmad Takūdār.
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DEMARATUS
RÜDIGER SCHMITT
king of Sparta (from at least as early as 510 B.C.E.) who took refuge with Darius I.