ʿAQL, “intellect, intelligence, reason.” i. General. ii. In Persian Literature. i. General The term ʿaql is said by Arab philologists…

ʿAWĀREF al-MAʿĀREF (Kind gifts of [mystic] knowledge), a classic work on Sufism by Šehāb-al-dīn Abū Ḥafṣ ʿOmar b. Moḥammad Sohravardī…

BĀBĀ AFŻAL-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD B. ḤASAN MARAQĪ KĀŠĀNĪ, known as Bābā Afżal, poet and author of philosophical works in Persian. Several…

SAMʿĀNI, ABU’L-QĀSEM AḤMAD b. Abu Bakr Manṣur (b. 487/1094; d. 17 Šawwāl 534/11 June 1140), author of Rawḥ al-arwāḥ fi šarḥ asmāʾ al-malek…

RUMI, JALĀL-AL-DIN vii. Philosophy Rumi’s teachings, whether in the Maṯnawi or his other works, focus on “the roots of the…

FARḠĀNĪ, SAʿĪD-AL-DĪN MOHAMMAD, b. Ahmad, Sufi author from the town of Kāsān in Farḡāna (d. Ḏu’l-ḥejja 699/August 1300; see Scattolin,…

ʿERĀQĪ,FAḴR-al-DĪN EBRĀHĪM b. Bozorgmehr Javāleqī Hamadānī (b. Komjān, a village near Hamadān, ca. 610/1213-14, d. Damascus 688/1289), Sufi poet and…

EBN AL-ʿARABĪ, MOḤYĪ-al-DĪN Abū ʿAbd-Allāh Moḥammad Ṭāʾī Ḥātemī (b. 17 Ramażān 560/28 July 1165; d. 22 Rabīʿ II 638/10 November…