BAUR, FERDINAND CHRISTIAN (21 June 1792-2 December 1860), German theologian and scholar of Manicheism. Born at Schmiden near Stuttgart, he…

BAHMAN YAŠT, Middle Persian apocalyptical text preserved in a Middle Persian version in Pahlavi script, a Pāzand (i.e., Middle Persian…

ARTĒŠTĀR (Middle Persian), a learned calque on and translation of the Avestan raθaēštā “warrior, war-hero” (Bartholomae, AirWb., col. 1506), which…

BĀNBIŠN, Middle Persian “queen.” The Pahlavi ideogram for bānbišn is MLKTA (see Frahang ī pahlavīk, chap. 12, l. 4, where…

ARTĒŠTĀRĀN SĀLĀR, “chief of the warriors,” a high-ranking title in Sasanian times (see Artēštār): The first reference to this office…

ĀFURIŠN (Manichean Middle Persian ʾpwryšn) “blessing, praise,” a technical, literary term for a category of Manichean hymns. The parallel term…

ADDĀ, one of the earliest disciples of Mani (to judge from the Cologne Mani Codex, p. 165.6; see Zeitschrift für…

iii. THE REPRESENTATION OF MANICHEISM IN THE FEHREST Moḥammad b. Esḥāq b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-Nadīm al-Warrāq al-Baḡdādī included in his…

MANICHEISM iii. The Manichean Pandaemonium The great importance of demonology in the Manichean doctrine derives from its dualistic character, i.e….

SCHAEDER, HANS HEINRICH (b. Göttingen 31 January 1896; d. Göttingen 13 March 1957; Plate I), one of the most creative,…

ESCHATOLOGY ii. Manichean Eschatology Manichean eschatology, teachings about final things, provided information on what happened during and after the death…

COSMOGONY AND COSMOLOGY iv. In the Mazdakite religion The most important source for modern knowledge of Mazdakite cosmogony is the…

COSMOGONY AND COSMOLOGY iii. In Manicheism Manicheism, like contemporary Zoroastrianism and various gnostic sects, offered a detailed cosmogonic myth, or…

CHRISTIANITY v. Christ in Manicheism In Manicheism, as in earlier gnostic systems, the terms Christ (Gk. “the anointed”) and Jesus…

ii. MANICHEAN The rationale of the Manichean cult was the release of light. The release of light particles which are…

DĪNĀVARĪYA (Ar. and Pers.< Mid. Pers. dēnāwar “having religion, pious, upright”), in Manichean usage originally “the elect.” The term was...

COLOGNE MANI CODEX (Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis), a lump of parchment fragments the size of a matchbox, containing a portion of…

CHAVANNES, emmanuel-ıdouard (b. Lyons, France, 5 October 1865, d. Fontenay-aux-Roses, 29 January 1918), French sinologist who also contributed to the…

BRAHM “manner, fashion, costume, etc.,” Middle Persian word borrowed in Parthian and Manichean Sogdian (prxm); Book Pahlavi also has the…

BODHISATTVA in the Middle Iranian languages. The Sanskrit word Bodhisat(t)va, literally a being (blessed with) understanding, designates someone des­tined for…

BIDAXŠ, title of Iranian origin found in various languages from the first to the eighth century. Forms. From Georgia the…

BĒMA, the chief festival of the Manicheans. The name. The Greek word bēma meant “platform,” “stage,” or “judge’s seat.” A…

BEAUSOBRE, ISAAC DE (1659-1738), pioneer of modern studies of Manicheism. Beausobre was a Frenchman from a family who had been…

JUNKER, HEINRICH FRANZ JOSEF, scholar of Iranian, Indo-European, Korean, and general linguistics (b. 26 March 1889, Offenbach/Main, Germany; d. 3…

HYSTASPES, ORACLES OF (Gk. Khrēseis Hystaspou), a collection of prophecies ascribed to Vištāspa, the patron and follower of Zarathustra, whom…

HERMAS, THE SHEPHERD OF, title of an early Christian paraenetic apocalypse (Lat. title: Pastor [Hermae], Gk.: Poimēn “Shepherd”), composed in…

HENNING, WALTER BRUNO (b. Ragnit, East Prussia, 1908; d. Berkeley, Calif., 1967; Figure 1), celebrated Iranist and linguist. An appreciation…

GRÜNWEDEL, ALBERT, prominent German Indologist, Tibetologist, art scholar, and archeologist (b. Munich, 31 July 1856; d., Lenggries, 28 October 1935;…

GRĪW, a Middle Iranian word (in Manichean Mid. Pers. script gryw, rarely gryyw; in Sogd. script kryw; in Pahl. script…

GIANTS, THE BOOK OF, a book mentioned as a canonical work of Mani in the Coptic Kephalaia (chap. 148), in…

ASMUSSEN, Jes Peter, scholar of Iranian studies (b. 2 November 1928, Aabenraa [Åbenrå], North Sleswig; d. 5 August 2002, Copenhagen)….

TURFAN EXPEDITIONS, Turfan (also Uigur Turpan, Chin. Tulufan) in Xinjiang (Chinese Turkestan) is the largest oasis (ca. 170 square kilometers)…

MANICHEISM V. MISSIONARY ACTIVITY AND TECHNIQUE The main primary sources on the beginning of Manichean missionary work are the Cologne…

MANICHEISM i. General Survey ii. The Manichean Pantheon iii. Buddhist Elements in Manicheism iv. Missionary Activity and Technique v. in…

MANI, the founder of the religion of Manicheism in the 3rd century CE. As the founder of the Manichean religion,…

BELLES LETTRES i. SASANIAN IRAN Belles lettres in Middle Iranian literatures. Belles lettres, that is, entertaining works, are not lacking…

MITHRA iii. IN MANICHEISM The Iranian Manicheans adopted the name of the Zoroastrian god Mithra (Av. Miθra; Mid. Pers. Mihr)…

MANICHEISM ii. THE MANICHEAN PANTHEON In this article, the gods of the Manicheans are considered collectively with regards to their…