ADMINISTRATION in Iran. i. The Safavid, Zand, and Qajar Periods (908-1344/1501-1925) The Safavids (908-1135/1501-1722). The rise of the Safavids was…

NĀṢER-AL-MOLK, ABU’L-QĀSEM KHAN QARĀGOZLU (b. Ševerin, near Hamadan, Šawwāl 1272/July 1856; d. Tehran, 1346/1927; Figure 1, Figure 2), Qajar era courtier and…

ELQĀNIĀN, ḤABIB (Habib Elghanian; b. Tehran, 23 Farvardin 1291/5 April 1912; executed Tehran, 19 Ordibehešt 1358/9 May 1979), Jewish merchant,…

ELECTIONS i. Under the Qajar and Pahlavi monarchies, 1906-79. ii. Under the Islamic Republic, 1979-92. iii. In Afghanistan.   i….