ḤADĀʾEQ AL-SEḤR, shortened title of the famous treatise Ḥadāʾeq al-seḥr fi daqāʾeq al-šeʿr (“Gardens of Magic in the Subtleties of…

HYPERBOLE, a figure (or figures) of speech in the classical Persian system of ʿelm al-badiʿ (see BADIʿ). Hyperbole is known…

IHĀM, literally meaning “making one suppose,” a term applied to a rhetorical figure (badiʿ, q.v.), also known as tawriya (disguising)…

WAṬWĀṬ, RAŠID-AL-DIN Moḥammad b. Moḥammad ʿAbd-al-Jalil al-ʿOmari, commonly known as Rašid(-e) Waṭwāṭ (d. 578/1182), bilingual poet, philologist, and prose writer…

ḤOSN-E TAʿLIL (lit. “beauty of rationale”), “fantastic etiology,” a rhetorical device among the fi;gures of ʿelm-e badiʿ (the science of…

RHETORICAL FIGURES (ṣanāyeʿ, ṣenāʿāt, “artifices;” badāyeʿ “novelties;” maḥāsen, moḥassanāt, “beauties”), devices of embellishment, tropes, and figures considered as an intrinsic…

KRYMSKIĬ, AGFANGEL (Agatangel) EFIMOVICH (b. 3 January Julian calendar = 15 January 1871, Vladimir-Volinskiy, Ukraine; d. 25 January 1942, Kustanay,…

The first translation of the Šāh-nāma into Russian dates from 1849 when V. Zhukovski (d. 1852), the great Russian poet…