WAṬWĀṬ, RAŠID-AL-DIN Moḥammad b. Moḥammad ʿAbd-al-Jalil al-ʿOmari, commonly known as Rašid(-e) Waṭwāṭ (d. 578/1182), bilingual poet, philologist, and prose writer…

ḤOSN-E TAʿLIL (lit. “beauty of rationale”), “fantastic etiology,” a rhetorical device among the fi;gures of ʿelm-e badiʿ (the science of…

RHETORICAL FIGURES (ṣanāyeʿ, ṣenāʿāt, “artifices;” badāyeʿ “novelties;” maḥāsen, moḥassanāt, “beauties”), devices of embellishment, tropes, and figures considered as an intrinsic…

KRYMSKIĬ, AGFANGEL (Agatangel) EFIMOVICH (b. 3 January Julian calendar = 15 January 1871, Vladimir-Volinskiy, Ukraine; d. 25 January 1942, Kustanay,…

ŠĀH-NĀMA TRANSLATIONS xiv. INTO RUSSIAN The first translation of the Šāh-nāma into Russian dates from 1849 when V. Zhukovski (d….