Italian travel accounts represent a major source for the history of Iran, especially that of the Middle Ages and the…

FIGUEROA, GARCÍA DE SILVA Y, Spanish diplomat and traveler (b. Zafra, Badajoz, December 1550; d. at sea on the return…

HELĀLI ASTARĀBĀDI JAGATĀʾI, Mawlānā Badr-al-Din (Nur-al-Din), accomplished Persian poet of Turkish origin (b. Astarābād, ca. 874/1470; d. Herat, 936/1529). Helāli…

HĀTEFI, ʿABD-ALLĀH, Persian poet (d. Ḵargerd, 927/1521) and nephew of ʿAbd-al-Rahmān Jāmi. Hātefi was born in around 858/1454 at Ḵargerd,…

HAŠT BEHEŠT (lit: “the Eight Heavens, the Eight paradises”), a cosmological concept used on several occasions as the title of…

GENOA, an important port city in Liguria, in northwestern Italy, which during the Middle Ages played a significant role between…

POLO, MARCO, Venetian merchant and traveler (b. Venice or Curzola, 1254; d. Venice, 8 January 1324), whose travel accounts gained…