KUFA, a city about 105 kms south of Baghdad.  Kufa was founded as a garrison city (meṣr) in 17/638 by…

KAZEMAYN (Kaẓemayn, lit. two Kāẓems), a suburban town in the northwest of Baghdad and one of the four Shiʿite shrine…

IRAQ x. SHIʿITES OF IRAQ Iraq was the cradle of Shiʿism, where it evolved as a political and religious movement,…

IRAQ xi. SHIʿITE SEMINARIES IN IRAQ Background. The communities of learning (ḥawzāt ʿelmiya) in the shrine cities (ʿatabāt-e ʿāliyāt) of…

KARBALA (Karbalāʾ), a city in Iraq, situated about 90 km southwest of Baghdad. It is one of the four Shiʿite shrine…