ČAHĀRŠANBA-SŪRĪ (usually pronounced Čāršamba-sūrī), the last Wednesday of the Persian solar year, the eve of which is marked by special…

IRĀNŠAHR, an encyclopedic collection of articles published in the 1960s under the auspices of the UNESCO National Commission in Iran,…

HEDAYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA i. LIFE AND WORK Hedayat (Figure 1) belonged to a distinguished family, several members of which had served…

HEDĀYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA, MEHDIQOLI, statesman, author, and musicologist of the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods (b. Tehran, 7 Šaʿbān 1280/17…

GĪLĀN v. HISTORY UNDER THE SAFAVIDS Gīlān has traditionally been considered by its local population as a land of two…

FORŪGĪ, MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN Khan Ḏokāʾ-al-Molk (b. Isfahan, 15 Rabīʿ II 1255/27 June 1839; d. Tehran, 11 Ramażān 1325/19 October 1907), poet,…

FORṢAT-AL-DAWLA (b. Shiraz,Ṣafar 1271/November 1854, d. Shiraz, 10 Ṣafar 1339/23 October 1920), pen name of the poet, scholar, and artist…