ESTEʿĀRA (< Ar. estaʿāra, to borrow), the general term for metaphor. Rhetorical manuals customarily define esteʿāra as “borrowing” a word,…

ḤASAN-E ḠAZNAVI, SAYYED EMĀM AŠRAF ḤASAN B. MOḤAMMAD ḤOSAYNI, known also as Sayyed Ašraf or Sayyed Ḥasan, poet chiefly associated…

HAFEZ v. MANUSCRIPTS OF HAFEZ   A major concern of 20th-century Hafez scholarship has been the establishment of a reliable…

GORGĀNI, FAḴR-AL-DIN ASʿAD (fl. ca. 441/1050), poet, best known for his verse romance Vis o Rāmin, completed in 447/1055 or…