Josef van Ess
- AMAL AL-ĀMEL
AMAL AL-ĀMEL FĪ ʿOLAMĀʾ JABAL ʿĀMEL, biographical dictionary of Shiʿite (Etnāʿašarī) scholars originating from the Jabal ʿĀmel in south Lebanon,…
- ʿAMR B. ʿOBAYD
ʿAMR B. ʿOBAYD B. BĀB, early Muʿtazilite theologian and traditionist (d. probably 144/761, in Marrān near Mecca, on his way…
- ĀRĀʾ WA’L-DĪĀNĀT
AL-ĀRĀʾ WA’L-DĪĀNĀT, doxographical work, famous especially for its information about non-Islamic religions and Greek philosophy, written by Ḥasan b. Mūsā…
- ʿAṬṬĀŠ
ʿAṬṬĀŠ (or EBN ʿAṬṬĀŠ), AḤMAD B. ʿABD-AL-MALEK, Ismaʿili leader during the time of Sultan Barkīāroq (Berk-yaruq, d. 498/1104) and contemporary…
- AZAL
AZAL, Arabic theological term derived from Pahlavi a-sar “without head” and meaning, already in early Muʿtazilite kalām, “eternity a parte…
- ʿAŻOD-AL-DĪN ĪJĪ
ʿAŻOD-AL-DĪN ĪJĪ, QĀŻĪ ABU’L-FAŻL ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN B. ROKN-AL-DĪN AḤMAD B. ʿABD-AL-ḠAFFĀR B. AḤMAD BAKRĪ MOṬARREZĪ ŠABĀNKĀRĪ ŠĪRĀZĪ, famous Shafeʿite jurist and…
- BAḠDĀDĪ, ʿABD-AL-QĀHER
BAḠDĀDĪ, ʿABD-AL-QĀHER B. ṬĀHER ŠĀFEʿĪ TAMĪMĪ (ca. 350/961-429/1038), mathematician, Shafeʿite jurist and Asḥʿarite theologian. He was born in Baghdad, the…
- ABŪ ʿAMR AL-MĀZOLĪ
ABŪ ʿAMR AL-MĀZOLĪ, Karrāmī theologian, fl. mid-4th/mid-10th century. Most of the later branches of the Karrāmīya traced themselves back to…
- ABŪ ESḤĀQ NAẒẒĀM
ABŪ ESḤĀQ EBRĀHĪM B. SAYYĀR B. HĀNEʾ AL-NAẒẒĀM (ca. 165-221/782-836), famous adīb and Muʿtazilite theologian. He was of lowly birth;…
- ABU’L-HOḎAYL AL-ʿALLĀF
ABU’L-HOḎAYL AL-ʿALLĀF, MOḤAMMAD B. AL-HOḎAYL B. ʿOBAYDALLĀH B. MAKḤŪL AL-ʿABDĪ (ca. 135-227/752-841?), early Muʿtazilite theologian of universal reputation. He seems…
- ABU’L-LAYṮ SAMARQANDĪ
ABU’L-LAYṮ NAṢR B. MOḤAMMAD B. AḤMAD SAMARQANDĪ, productive Hanafite jurist, author of a Qurʾān commentary and of popular paraenetical works;…
- ABU’L-MAʿĀLĪ
ABU’L-MAʿĀLĪ MOḤAMMAD B. ʿOBAYDALLĀH B. ʿALĪ, author of Bayān al-adyān, the oldest work on religions and sects written in Persian….
- ABŪ MŪSĀ MORDĀR
ABŪ MŪSĀ ʿĪSĀ B. ṢOBAYḤ (or ṢABĪḤ) AL-MORDĀR, theologian and ascetic, early representative of the Baghdad branch of the Moʿtazela…
- ABU’L-QĀSEM KAʿBĪ
ABU’L-QĀSEM AL-BALḴĪ AL-KAʿBĪ, ʿABDALLĀH B. AḤMAD B. MAḤMŪD (d. Šaʿbān, 319/February, 931), administrator and intellectual of Persian descent, Hanafite jurist…
- ABŪ YAʿQŪB JORJĀNĪ
ABŪ YAʿQŪB JORJĀNĪ, disciple of Ebn Karrām (d. 255/869). He called God’s hands, His face (waǰh), etc. “bodies” (aǰsām) and…
- AḤMAD TŪNĪ
AḤMAD TŪNĪ, Karrāmī theologian who lived about 400/1010. He originated from Tūn in the region of Qohestān and founded a…
- ʿALĀʾ-AL-DAWLA SEMNĀNĪ
ʿALĀʾ-AL-DAWLA SEMNĀNĪ, ROKN-AL-DĪN ABU’L-MAKĀREM AḤMAD B. ŠARAF-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD B. AḤMAD AL-BĪĀBĀNAKĪ (b. Ḏu’l-ḥeǰǰa, 659/November, 1261, d. 21 or 22 Raǰab…
- JAʿFAR B. MOḤAMMAD B. ḤARB
JAʿFAR B. MOḤAMMAD B. ḤARB, ABU’L-FAŻL AL-HAMDĀNI (d. 236/850 at the age of 59), also called al-Ašajj (‘scar-face’ or ‘skull-broken’),…
- JAHM B. ṢAFWĀN
JAHM B. ṢAFWĀN, ABU MOḤREZ, Islamic theologian of the Umayyad period (d. Marv 128/746). Documentation about him is scarce and…
- ABAD
ABAD, Arabic theological term meaning “eternity a parte post” (already in early Muʿtazilite theology); it corresponds to Greek atéleuton. It…
- ESKĀFĪ, ABŪ JAʿFAR MOḤAMMAD
ESKĀFĪ, ABŪ JAʿFAR MOḤAMMAD b. ʿAbd-Allāh, Muʿtazilite theologian of the 9th century (d. 240/854). His family originated from Samarkand, but…
- EBN RĀVANDĪ, ABU’l-ḤOSAYN AḤMAD
EBN RĀVANDĪ (or Rēvandī), ABU’l-ḤOSAYN AḤMAD b. Yaḥyā (d. 298/910?), Muʿtazilite theologian and “heretic” of Ḵorāsānī origin. While still young,…
- DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ MOḤAMMAD ʿABD-ALLĀH
DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ MOḤAMMAD ʿABD-ALLĀH b. Mobārak (d. first half of the 10th century), author of a tafsīr (koranic exegesis) entitled…
- DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ MOḤAMMAD ʿABD-ALLĀH
DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ MOḤAMMAD ʿABD-ALLĀH b. Ḥamdān b. Wahb b. Bešr (d. 308/902; incorrectly identified with ʿAbd-Allāh b. Mobārak Dīnavarī, by…
- DĀREMĪ, ABŪ SAʿĪD ʿOṮMĀN
DĀREMĪ, ABŪ SAʿĪD ʿOṮMĀN b. Saʿīd b. Ḵāled SEJESTĀNĪ, Persian traditionist and jurist (b. ca. 200/816, d. Herat Ḏu’l-ḥejja 280/February…
- RITTER, Hellmut
RITTER, Hellmut (b. Lichtenau, Kurhessen, Germany, 27 February 1892; d. Oberursel, Hessen, 19 May 1971, FIGURES 1-2), German scholar of…
- JORJĀNI, ZAYN-AL-DIN ABU’L-ḤASAN ʿALI
JORJĀNI, ZAYN-AL-DIN ABU’L-ḤASAN ʿALI B. MOḤAMMAD B. ʿALI AL-ḤOSAYNI (b. in the village of Ṭāḡu near Astarābād in Gorgān, whence…
- FOWAṬĪ, HEŠĀM
FOWAṬĪ, HEŠĀM b. ʿAMR (d. Baghdad, probably before 230/845), Muʿtazilite theologian of Basran affiliation and student of Abu’l-Hoḏayl (q.v.). In…