ṬUSI, NASIR-AL-DIN ii. As a Mathematician and Astronomer Naṣir-al-Din Ṭusi participated in the whole spectrum of mathematical sciences that were…

MAFĀTIḤ AL-ʿOLUM (Keys to sciences), a book in which key terms used by various classes of scholars, artisans, state officials,…

BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN iii. Mathematics and Astronomy Ninety-five of 146 books known to have been written by Bīrūnī, about 65…

KĀŠI [or Kāšāni], ḠIĀṮ-AL-DIN JAMŠID b. MASʿUD b. MOḤAMMAD (b. ca. 787/1386, d. ca. 832/1429), mathematician, astronomer and scientific instrument-maker of…

ḴAFRI, ŠAMS-AL-DIN, Moḥammad b. Aḥmad-e Kāši, one of the most competent of all the mathematical astronomers and planetary theorists of…