BAHĀRESTĀN (Spring garden, Abode of spring, and similar renderings in various languages), occasionally referred to as Rawżat al-aḵyār wa toḥfat…

AWṢĀF AL-AŠRĀF, a short mystical-ethical work in Persian by Naṣīr-al-dīn Ṭūsī, written late in life, ca. 670/1271-72. According to its…

ANĪS AL-ʿOŠŠĀQ, a small handbook of the imagery traditionally used in Persian love poetry, by Ḥasan b. Moḥammad Šaraf-al-dīn Rāmī…

AḴLĀQ-E NĀṢERĪ, by Ḵᵛāǰa Naṣīr-al-dīn Ṭūsī, the principal treatise in Persian on ethics, economics, and politics, first published according to…

AḴLĀQ-E MOḤSENĪ (less commonly known as Jawāher al-asrār), an ostensibly serious treatise on ethics by the prolific prose-stylist Kamāl-al-dīn Ḥosayn…

ANWĀR-E SOHAYLĪ, a collection of fables by the Timurid prose-stylist Ḥosayn Wāʿeẓ Kāšefī. Written under the patronage of Sultan Ḥosayn…

AḴLĀQ-E JALĀLĪ, also known as Lawāmeʿ al-ešrāq fī makārem al-aḵlāq, an “ethical” treatise in Persian by Moḥammad b. Asʿad Jalāl-al-dīn…

BŪSTĀN, in early sources referred to as Saʿdī-nāma, a moralistic and anecdotal verse work consisting of some 4,100 maṯnawī couplets…

BROWNE, EDWARD GRANVILLE, eminent British Iranologist, born on the family estate Gloucestershire, 7 February 1862, died near Cambridge, 5 January…

BELL, GERTRUDE Margaret Lowthian, 1868-1926, British traveler, private scholar, archeolo­gist, sometime government servant, and a translator of Ḥāfeẓ, whose concern…