ARFAʿ, ḤASAN, Iranian general, born in Tiflis in 1895, the eldest son of the veteran diplomat Prince Reżā Arfaʿ (Arfaʿ-al-dawla);…

ARSANJĀNĪ, ḤASAN, journalist and politician (1301-48 Š./1922-69). Born into a traditional rural family, he was educated at Tehran University, from…

FĀṬEMĪ, ḤOSAYN (1296-1333 Š./1917-54; Figure 1), journalist, a leader of the National Front, and the minister of foreign affairs under…

ENTEẒĀM, ʿABD-ALLĀH and NAṢR-ALLĀH, two brothers active in 20th-century Persian politics. 1. ʿAbd-Allāh Enteẓām (Figure 1), diplomat and politician (b….

EMĀMĪ, JAMĀL, politician (b. Ḵoy, 1901, d. Paris 9 Nov., 1966). He was one of nine sons of the prominent…

ELECTIONS i. Under the Qajar and Pahlavi monarchies, 1906-79. ii. Under the Islamic Republic, 1979-92. iii. In Afghanistan.   i….

ʿEDĀLAT (Ar. ʿAdālat “justice”), ḤEZB-E, Persian political party founded by ʿAlī Daštī in December 1941. After the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia…

HAŽIR, ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN, (1895-1949), Minister, Prime Minister, Court Minister (Figure 1). Hažir was born in Tehran circa 1374 Š./1895 to Moḥammad…

HARRIMAN MISSION, the mission of American diplomat W. Averell Harriman, who was sent to Tehran in July 1951 to mediate…

GREAT BRITAIN vi. BRITISH INFLUENCE IN PERSIA: 1941-79 Introduction. For the greater part of the Qajar era (1796-1924) Persia was…

FORŪGĪ, MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ ḎOKĀʾ-AL-MOLK, statesman, scholar, and man of letters (b. Jomādā II 1294 /July1877; d. 5 Āḏar 1321 Š./26 November…