COMMUNISM i. In Persia to 1941 Origins, 1334-38/1916-20. The Persian communist movement was born among Persian immigrant workers in the…

ESKANDARĪ, SOLAYMĀN (MOḤSEN) MĪRZĀ, constitutionalist, civil servant, statesman, and socialist leader (b. ca. 1254 Š./1875, d. 1322 Š./1944, Figure 1)….

ESKANDARĪ, ĪRAJ (b. Tehran, 1907, d. Leipzig, 10 Ordībehešt 1372 Š./30 April 1985; Figure 1), prominent leader of the Tudeh…

EḤSĀN-ALLĀH KHAN DŪSTDĀR (ʿAlī-ābādī; b. Sārī, Māzandarān, 1262/1883, d. Baku, ca. 1938), second most prominent figure in the the Soviet…