FARMĀN (OPers. framānā, Mid. Pers. framān; Arabized pl. farāmīn), decree, command, order, judgement. In historical as well as contemporary administrative…

CARAVAN (Pers. kār(a)vān, Mid. Pers. kārwān in Narseh’s inscription at Paikuli, connected with OPers. kāra “(group of) people, army”), a…

GERMANY iv. IRANIAN STUDIES IN GERMAN: ISLAMIC PERIOD It is not an easy task to define the subject of this…