There is ample evidence of an Italian presence in Persia throughout the Qajar period, when many Italians went to work…

HAREM ii. IN THE QAJAR PERIOD Women played an important role in the life of the Qajar monarchs. Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah…

ḤĀJI PIRZĀDA, Moḥammad ʿAli Nāʾini, Persian traveler (b. between 1835 and 1840 in Nāʾin, d. March 1904 (Figure 1). Ḥāji…

ḤĀJI BĀBĀ AFŠĀR, son of an officer in the army of the Crown Prince ʿAbbās Mirzā (q.v.) and one of…

FILIPPI, FILIPPO DE (1814-1867), a professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at Turin University. He was the director of the…