BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN MOḤAMMAD b. Aḥmad (362/973- after 442/1050), scholar and polymath of the period of the late Samanids and early Ghaznavids and one of the two greatest intellectual figures of his time in the eastern lands of the Muslim world, the other being Ebn Sīnā (Avicenna).

i. Life.

ii.Bibliography.

iii. Mathematics and astronomy.

iv. Geography.

v. Pharmacology and mineralogy.

vi. History and chronology.

vii. History of religions.

viii. Indology.