Nimā Yušij never achieved a systematic theory of literary criticism as such, but he nonetheless has articles, notes, and letters that reflect his views on various topics related to poetry and prosody. Especially noted among them is his essay “Arzeš-e eḥsāsāt dar zendagāni-e honarpišagān,” and his Ḥarfhā-ye hamsāya (tr. M. R. Ghanoonparvar, with an introduction and addendum, as The Neighbor Says …, 2009). Although Nimā considered his “Arzeš-e eḥsāsāt” a simplistic, rather banal essay written for a general audience (Nimā, Bargozida, 1990, p. 214), it, nonetheless, imparts valuable insight into his thinking on the proposition that art derives from the mysterious essence of the artist’s life. In it, Nimā “appears conscious of the task of evolving a viable esthetics that would guide the steps of other poets” (Karimi-Hakkak, 1978, p. 9), and attempts to explain art and literature from a critical point of view with a dialectical logic and to show the imprint of economic and historic factors on artistic creativity—a point of view uncommon in the intellectual output of the period. In spite of its often questionable use of the works of philosophers, intellectuals, and psychologists, “Arzeš-e eḥsāsāt” is worthy of attention because of its innovative approach to literary criticism and its original perspective (Pārsinežād, pp. 25-31). It has even been praised as “the most substantiated theoretical work on modern Persian poetry yet” (Langarudi, I, p. 211).
Ḥarfhā-ye hamsāya is a collection of 137 of Nimā’s letters, written between 1939 and 1955. Addressed to an imaginary neighbor, his thinly masked alter ego, the letters delineate Nimā’s contemplations on composition and interpretation in modern Persian poetry. He chose the epistolary form so that he could freely and informally present his suggestions and ideas concerning poetry and poets (Nimā, Nāmahā, 1989, pp. 107). The aptly chosen vessel also conjured up an imaginary and, thus, ideal audience for his ruminations. He puts forth, “often in detail, what he means by modern Persian prosody…and how his vision and understanding of modern life and modern man differs from those of his predecessors” (tr. Ghanoonparvar, pp. 17-18). He questions the notion of “easy-but-difficult” poetry, an ease of understanding “that is difficult to create” (Nimā, Nāmahā, 1989, p. 112). That endeavor must not be regarded as art, Nimā advocates, because it is “the primitive poetry of the world [that] has this character… For me what you must hear is ‘difficult-easy,’ meaning difficult to understand and easily said. Poetry, music, and painting in our era have arrived at this narrow but deep juncture” (Nimā, Nāmahā, 1989, pp. 31-32).
Nimā understands ambiguity in poetry both as the determining factor that distinguishes it as a genre as well as that which gives it its beauty and power and facilitates multivalent interpretation. The music of modern poetry must closely imitate natural speech, Nimā argued, and he was convinced that his own poetry, which appropriated the best of classical poetry’s rhythm in its prose-like qualities, successfully approximated a natural form of expression that resembled speech (Nimā, Nāmahā, 1989, p. 143).
Unhappy with the misinterpretation of his views by emerging poets who passed off derivative and careless work as poetry, Nimā decries the output of many of his self-styled emulators, insisting that they must first master the fundamental principles of meter and structure before writing poetry. “Even in chaos,” he admonished, “there must be order” (Ṭāhbāz and Lāhuti, pp. 31-32). Nimā’s contribution to the development of modern literary criticism in Iran is the subject of monographs by Iraj Pārsinežād, Manṣur Ṯarvat, and Mohammad Reza Ghanoonparvar (2009).
Bibliography
Works by Nimā (in alphabetical order).
Āb: gozida-ye ašʿār-e Nimā, ed. ʿAbbās Kiārostami, Tehran, 2010.
Āb dar ḵᵛābgāh-e murčagān, Tehran, 1972, repr. 1996.
Afsāna, Tehran, 1921.
Afsāna wa robāʿiyāt, Tehran, 1960.
Āhu wa parandahā, Tehran, 1973 (see also Evans, tr.).
Arzeš-e eḥsāsāt, ed. Abu’l-Qāsem Jannati ʿAṭāʾi, Tehran, 1956, repr. 1974.
Arzeš-e eḥsāsāt wa panj maqāla dar šeʿr wa nemāyeš, Tehran, 1972.
Bargozida-ye ašʿār-e Nimā Yušij, Tehran, 1963.
Bargozida-ye ašʿār-e Nimā Yušij (naṯr), ed. Sirus Ṭāhbāz, Tehran, 1990.
Dar bāra-ye šeʿr o šāʿeri, ed. Sirus Ṭāhbāz, Tehran, 1989a.
Do nāma, Tehran, 1950 (with Šin Partow).
Do safar-nāma az Nimā Yušij, ed. ʿAli Miranṣāri, Tehran, 2000.
Donyā ḵāna-ye man ast: 50 nāma az Nimā Yušij, 2nd ed., Tehran, 1973.
Faryādhā-ye digar wa ʿankabut-rang, Tehran, 1971.
Gozina-ye ašʿār-e Nimā Yušij, ed. Yad-Allāh Jalāli Pandari, 4th ed., Tehran, 1995.
Ḡul o zanaš o arrāba-aš (majmuʿa-ye kāmel-e dāstānhā-ye kutāh-e Nimā Yušij), ed. Ruḥ-Allāh Mahdipur ʿOmrāni, Tehran, 2001.
Ḡul wa naqqāš, ed. Sirus Ṭāhbāz, Tehran, 2000.
Ḥarfhā-ye hamsāya, Tehran, 1972 (see also Ghanoonparvar, 2009).
Ḥekāyat wa ḵᵛ ānavāda -ye sarbāz, Tehran, 1974.
Kanduhā-ye šekasta: qeṣṣahā, Tehran, 1971.
Kašti wa ṭufān: 50 nāma, Tehran, 1972.
Majmuʿa-ye ašʿār-e Nimā Yušij, ed. Sirus Ṭāhbāz, Tehran, 1985.
Majmuʿa-ye kāmel-e ašʿār-e Nimā Yušij: fārsi wa ṭabari , ed. Sirus Ṭāhbāz, Tehran, 1991; 3rd ed., 1994.
Majmuʿa-ye k āmel-e dāstānhā-ye kutāh-e Nimā Yušij, ed. Ruḥ-Allāh ʿEmrāni, Tehran, 2001.
Majmuʿa-ye šeʿrhā-ye now (ḡazal, qaṣida, qeṭʿa), ed. Šerāgim Yušij, Tehran, 1997, repr. 2001.
Māḵ-ulā, Tabriz, 1966.
Māneli, Tehran, 1957.
Māneli wa ḵāna-ye Serivili: do manẓuma, Tehran, 1983.
Marqad-e Āqā, Tehran, 1930, repr. 1970 (see also Nuri Shafii).
Nāmahā: az majmuʿa-ye āṯār-e Nimā Yušij, ed. Sirus Ṭāhbāz, Tehran, 1989.
Nāmahā-ye ʿāšeqāna, Tehran, 2001.
Nāmahā-ye Nimā ba hamsaraš: ʿĀliya (haštomin daftar az majmuʿa-ye āṯār-e Nimā Yušij), ed. Sirus Ṭāhbāz, Tehran 1971.
Nāmahā-ye Nimā Yušij, ed. Sirus Ṭāhbāz, Tehran, 1984.
Nāqus, Tehran, 1967.
“Nimā az zabān-e Nimā,” in idem, Marqad-e Āqā, Tehran, 1970, pp. 2-4 [extract from Nimā’s speech at the First Congress of Iranian Writers, 1946].
“Rujā: daftar-e šeʿrha-ye ṭabari,” eds. ʿAli-Pāšā Esfandiāri and Esfandiār Esfandiāri, in Sirus Ṭāhbāz, ed., Majmuʿa-ye kāmel-e ašʿār-e Nimā Yušij: fārsi o ṭabari, 1st ed., Tehran, 1991, pp. 611-840.
“Rujā: daftar-e šeʿrha-ye ṭabari,” eds. ʿAli-Pāšā Esfandiāri and Esfandiār Esfandiāri, in Sirus Ṭāhbāz, ed., Majmuʿa-ye kāmel-e ašʿār-e Nimā Yušij: fārsi o ṭabari, 3rd ed., Tehran, 1994, pp. 611-840.
Rujā: majmuʿa-ye ašʿār-e ṭabari-e Nimā, ed. Majid Asadi, Tehran, 2001.
Rujā: ašʿār-e ṭabari-e Nimā Yušij, ed. Moḥammad ʿAẓimi, Tehran, 2002.
Ṣad sāl-e degar: daftari az ašʿār-e montašer našoda-ye Nimā Yušij, ed. Saʿid Reżwāni and Mehdi ʿOlyāʾi Moqaddam, Tehran, 2017.
Šahr-e šab wa šahr-e ṣobḥ, Tehran, 1967, repr. 1976.
Setāra dar zamin, Tehran, 1975.
Šeʿr-e man, Tehran, 1966.
Taʿrif o tabṣera o yāddāšthā-ye digar, 2nd ed., Tehran, 1971.
Tukā-i dar qafas, Tehran, 1971.
Yāddāšthā wa majmuʿa-ye andiša, Tehran, 1969.
Yāddāšthā-ye ruzāne-ye Nimā: Bāznevisi o bāzyābi az ruy-e dastneveštahā-ye Nimā, ed. Šerāgim Yušij, 2nd ed., Tehran, 2009.
Translations, sources, and other references.
Moḥammad ʿAbd-ʿAli, Farhang-e vāžagān o tarkibāt-e ašʿār-e Nimā Yušij, Tehran, 1995.
Moḥammad ʿAbd-al-Nabi ʿAbd-al-Majid, Men asālib al-madḥ wa’l-ḏamm, neʿma wa beʾsa: derāsa wa taṭbiq, Cairo, 1987.
Wali Ahmadi, “Intertextual Influences and Intracultural Contacts: History and Memory in the Poetry of Akhavan-Sales and Wasef Bakhtari,” in Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak and Kamran Talattof, eds., Essays on Nima Yushij: Animating Modernism in Persian Poetry, Leiden and Boston, 2004, pp. 221-36.
Mehdi Aḵavān-e Ṯāleṯ, “Foṣul-i parākanda dar bāra-ye in ka Nimā mard-i bud mardestān,” Andiša wa honar 2/9, 1957, pp. 652-74.
Idem, Bedʿathā wa badāyeʿ-e Nimā Yušij, Tehran, 1978.
Idem, ʿAṭā wa leqā-ye Nimā Yušij, Tehran, 1982.
Jalāl Āl-e Aḥmad, “Pir-mard čašm-e mā bud,” in idem, Arzyābi-e šetābzada: H ejdah maqāla, Tabriz, 1965, pp. 37-53.
Idem, “Moškel-e Nimā Yušij,” in idem, Haft maqāla, Tehran, 1978, pp. 12-35.
Leonardo Alishan, “Ten Poems (1941-1957) by Nimā Yušij,” in Michael Hillmann, ed., Major Voices in Contemporary Persian Literature, Literature East and West 20/1-4, Austin, 1976, pp. 21-31.
Yaḥyā Āryanpur, Az Ṣabā tā Nimā: Tāriḵ-e 150 sāl adab-e fārsi, 2 vols., Tehran, 1971, II, pp. 466-86.
Idem, Az Nimā tā ruzgār-e mā (Tāriḵ-e adab-e fārsi-e moʿāṣer), Tehran, 1995.
Dāriuš Āšuri, “Nimā wa now-āvarihāyaš,” Iran Nameh 9/1, 1991, pp. 45-56.
Cyrus Atabay, tr. “Mein Haus ist Wolkenverhangen,” Die Horen 26/123, 1981, p. 7.
ʿAbd-al-Moḥammad Āyati, Šarḥ-e manẓuma-ye Māneli wa pānzdah qeṭʿa-ye digar az Nimā Yušij, Tehran, 1996.
ʿAbd al-Moḥammad Āyati and Ḥakima Dastranji, Dar tamām-e ṭul-e šab: šarḥ-e čahār šeʿr-e boland-e Nimā Yušij, Tehran, 2004.
Milād ʿAẓimi, Pādšāh-e fatḥ: naqd wa taḥlil wa gozida-ye ašʿār-e Nimā Yuši, Tehran, 2009.
Moḥammad ʿAẓimi, “Az negāh-e montaqed: Nimā, Amir, wa adabiyāt-e welāyati,” Gowharān, nos. 13-14, 2006, pp. 178-84.
Christophe Balay, “The Saint’s Tomb: The Birth, Death, and Renaissance of a Tradition,” tr. June Bertrand Silay, in Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak and Kamran Talattof, eds., Essays on Nima Yushij: Animating Modernism in Persian Poetry, Leiden and Boston, 2004, pp. 237-52.
ʿAbbās Bāqinežād, “Nimā Yušij, šāʿer-e šohud wa ṭabiʿat,” Adabiyāt-e ʿerfāni wa ostura šenāḵti, 5, 2006, pp. 9-29.
Reżā Barāheni, Ṭelā dar mes: dar šeʿr wa šāʿeri, Tehran, 1968.
Christian Bartholomae, Altiranisches Wörterbuch, Berlin, 1961.
Moḥammad-Reżā Barzegar Ḵāleqi and Kāmyār ʿĀbedi, Taṣwirhā wa tawṣifhā dar šeʿr-e moʿāṣer-e Irān: Nimā Yušij, Aḥmad Šāmlu, Mehdi Aḵavān-e Ṯāleṯ, Sohrāb Sepehri, Foruḡ Farroḵzād, 1301-1370, Tehran, 2000.
Simin Behbahāni, “[Nāder Nāderpur:] Ādam āvard dar in deyr-e ḵarābābādam,” in idem, Yād-e baʿż-i nafarāt, Tehran, 1999, pp. 533-44.
Idem, “Nimā-ye javān wa āḡaz-e šeʿr-e now-āyin-e fārsi,” Boḵārā, 80, 2011, pp. 49-81.
Qawām-al-Din Bināʾi-Nur, “Negāh-i be ašʿār-e ṭabari-e Nimā Yušij,” Adabestān 25, Dey 1370 Š./1992, pp. 80-81.
Jean Boissel, “Pour une esthétique de la poésie persane,” Revue de littérature comparée 49/4, 1975, pp. 531-46.
Habib Borjian, “Jašnhā-ye ṭabari dar Espivard,” Abāḵtar 3/11-12, 2005, pp. 127-30.
Idem, Motun-e ṭabari, Tehran, 2009.
Idem, “Yushij: A Dialect of Central Alborz,” Persica 24, 2013, pp. 127-53.
Idem, “The Caspian Dialect of Kujūr in the Central Alborz,” Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies 51, 2013b, pp. 237-248.
Idem, The Languages of Alborz,” Language and Inscription / Zabān o katiba 2, 2018, pp. 30-39.
Idem, “Jāynāmšenāsi-e Alborz-e markazi / Contribution to the Toponomastics of the Central Alborz,” Pažuhešhā-ye zabāni-adabi-e Qafqāz o Kāspian / Literary and Linguistic Studies of the Caucasus and Caspian 1/3, 2020, pp. 19-31.
Habib Borjian and Maryam Borjian, “Amir Pāzvāri,” in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online, http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_348.
Idem, “At the Crossroads: The Caspian Languages through a Sociolinguistic Lens,” in The Mouton Handbook of Iranian Heritage Languages and Multilingualism, forthcoming 2022.
Ẓahīr Aḥmad Ṣiddīqī, Bū-yi dost , Lahore, 1989.
Matei Calinescu, Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, Avant-Garde Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism, Durham, N. C., 1987.
Reżā Čāyči, Bāzḵˇāni-e ašʿār: az Nimā Yušij tā daha-ye haštād, Tehran, 2001.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, “Shakespeare’s Judgment Equal to his Genius,” in Hazard Adams, ed., Critical Theory Since Plato, New York, 1971, pp. 460-71.
ʿAbd-al-ʿAli Dastḡayb, Taḥlil-i az šeʿr-e now-e fārsi, Tehran, 1966.
Idem, Sāya-rowšan-e šeʿr-e now-e pārsi, Tehran, 1969.
Idem, Nim ā Yušij: naqd wa barrasi, Tehran, 1972.
Ebrāhim al-Dasuqi Šetā, al-Šeʿr al-fāresi al- ḥ adiṯ: derāsa wa moḵtārāt, Cairo, 1982.
Jaʿfar Ebrāhimi, Aḥmad Rezā Aḥmadi, Asad-Allāh Šaʻbānī, and Sirus Ṭāhbāz, Hezār sāl šeʿr-e fārsi: Az Rudaki tā Nimā Yušij, barā-ye goruhhā-ye senni-e dah, Tehran, 1986.
Akbar Eksir, “Nimā dar Āstārā,” Eṭṭelāʿāt (supplement) 3, 6 Ḵordād 1365/27 May 1986, p. 11.
Laurence P. Elwell-Sutton, “ʿAruż,” in EIr. II, fasc. 6-7, 1986, pp. 670-79.
Karim Emami, Karim Emami on Modern Iranian Culture: Literature & Art, ed. Houra Yavari, New York, 2014.
Eskandar Beg Monši, History of Shah ʿAbbas the Great, tr. Roger M. Savory, 3 vols. Boulder, Colo., 1978.
Moṣṭafā Eslāmiya, Zendagi-nāma-ye Nimā Yušij: ba kojā-ye in šab-e tira, Tehran, 2012.
Hušang Etteḥād, Pažuhešgarān-e moʿāṣer-e Irān, vol. 2, Tehran, 2000.
Mariam Evans, tr. When the Elephants Came, Washington, D.C., 1988 (translation of Āhu wa parandahā).
Maḥmud Falaki, Negāh-i ba šeʿr-e Nimā, Tehran, 1994.
Massud Farzan, “Contemporary Poetry in Iran,” in Ehsan Yarshater, ed., Persian Literature, New York, 1988, pp. 336-66.
Foruḡ Farroḵzād, Az Nimā tā baʿd: bargozida-i az šeʿr-e emruz-e Irān, ed. Majid Rowšangar, Tehran, 1984.
ʿAli Ferdowsi, “Nešān az ruz-e bidār-e ẓafarmandi,” Andiša-ye puyā 4/30, 2015, pp. 133-35.
Mohammad Reza Ghanoonparvar, Prophets of Doom: Literature as a Socio-Political Phenomenon in Modern Iran, Lanham, Md., 1984.
Idem, The Neighbor Says: Nima Yushij and the Philosophy of Modern Persian Poetry, Bethesda, 2009 (includes translation of Ḥarfhā-ye hamsāya).
Kioumars Ghereghlou, “Bādūsbānids,” in Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and Everett Rowson, eds, EI 3, Leiden, 2018 (available at http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_25087).
Moḥammad Moqaddam Gol-Moḥammadi, Nimā če miguyad: naqd wa barrasi-e yāddāšthā-ye ruzāna-ye Nimā Yušij, Tehran, 2011.
Ḥāfeẓ, Divān-e Ḥāfeẓ: bar asās-e čehel o hašt nosḵa-ye ḵaṭṭi-e sada-ye nohom, ed. Salim Neysāri, Tehran, 1998.
Saʿid Ḥamidiān, Dāstān-e degardisi: ravand-e degargunihā-ye šeʿr-e Nimā Yušij, Tehran, 2002, repr. 2004.
Ḥamid Ḥasani, Musiqi-e šeʿr-e Nimā: taḥqiq-i dar awzān wa qālebhā-ye šeʿri-e Yušij, Tehran, 1992.
Moḥammad-Żiāʾ Haštrudi, Montaḵabāt-e āṯār (az nevisandagān wa šoʿarā-ye moʿāṣerin), Tehran, 1924.
Ṣādeq Hedāyat, Majmuʿa-ye Neveštahā-ye parākanda-ye Ṣādeq Hedāyat, repr., Tehran, 1965.
W. B. Henning, “A Sogdian God,” BSOAS 28, 1965, pp. 253-54.
Ḥasan Honarmandi, Bonyād-e šeʿr-e now dar Farānsa wa peyvand-e ān bā šeʿr-e fārsi, Tehran, 1971.
Masʿud Jaʿfari, Seyr-e romāntism dar Iran: az mašruṭa tā Nimā, Tehran, 2007.
ʿĀdel Jahānārāy, 500 ruz bā Nimā, Tehran, 2018.
Yad-Allāh Jalāli, “Didārhā va yādgārhā: ḵāṭerat-e Parviz Nātel Ḵānlari,” Āyanda 16/5-8, 1990, pp. 427-51.
Abu’l-Qāsem Jannati ʿAṭāʾi, Nimā: zendagāni wa āṯār-e u, Tehran,1955a.
Idem, Nim ā Yušij wa qesmat-i az ašʿar-e u, Tehran, 1955b.
Clara Janés, Sahán Taherí, and Ahmad Taherí, tr. and eds., Tres poetas persas contemporáneos, Barcelona, 2000(poems by Nimā Yušij, Sohrāb, and Ahmad S̆āmlu).
Ferdinand Justi, Iranisches Namenbuch, Marburg, 1884.
Anvar Ḵāmaʾi, Čahār čehra: ḵāṭerāt wa tafakkorāt dar bāra-ye Nimā Yušij, Ṣādeq Hedāyat, ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Nušin, wa Ḏabiḥ Behruz, Tehran, 1989.
K. E. Kanga, English-Avesta Dictionary, Bombay, 1909.
Parviz [Nātel] Ḵānlari, “Jedāl-e moddaʿi bā moddaʿi,” in idem, Haftād soḵan I: Š eʿr wa honar, Tehran, 1988, pp. 259-65.
Idem, “Ḵāṭerat-e Parviz-e Nātel Ḵānlari,” Āyanda 16/5-8, 1990, pp. 427-51.
Idem, “Man o Nimā,” in idem, Qāfela-sālār-e soḵan: majmuʿa-ye maqālāt dar bāra-ye Ḵānlari, Tehran, 1991, pp. 447-59.
Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak, An Anthology of Modern Persian Poetry, Boulder, 1978.
Idem, “Poetic Signs, Critical Frames: Nima Yushij as a Theoretician of Poetry,” Critique, 4, 1994, pp. 35-50.
Idem, Recasting Persian Poetry: Scenarios of Poetic Modernity in Iran, Salt Lake City, 1995.
Idem, “Nima Yushij: A Life,” in Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak and Kamran Talattof, eds., Essays on Nima Yushij: Animating Modernism in Persian Poetry, Leiden and Boston, 2004, pp. 11-68.
Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak and Kamran Talattof, eds., Essays on Nima Yushij: Animating Modernism in Persian Poetry, Leiden and Boston, 2004.
Siāvaš Kasrāʾi, “Parvāz dar hawā-ye morḡ-e āmin,” Donyā, ser. 4, 1/1, 1979, pp. 98-105.
Kiānuš Kiāni Haftlang, “Nimā wa madrasa-ye San Luyi,” in ʿAli Miranṣāri, ed., Asnād-i dar bāra-ye Nimā Yušij, Tehran, 1996, pp. 47-57.
Mahmud Kianush, Modern Persian Poetry, Ware, Herts., UK, 1996.
Vera Borisovna Klyashtorina, “The Structure of Imagery in 20th-Century Persian Poetry: M. Bahar and Nima Yushij,” in Thomas M. Ricks, ed., Critical Perspectives on Modern Persian Literature, Washington, D.C., 1984, pp. 381-92.
Ḵᵛoršāh b. Qobād al-Ḥosayni Ilči, Tāriḵ-e Ilči-ye Neẓām-šāh, ed. M. R. Namiri and K. Haneda, Tehran, 2000.
Šams Langarudi (Moḥammad-Taqi Jawāheri Gilāni), Tāriḵ-e taḥlili-e šeʿr-e now, 4 vols., 1991; repr., Tehran, 1998.
Idem, Nimā Yušij, Tehran, 2001.
Paul Losensky, “To Tell Another Tale of Mournful Terror: Three of Nima’s Songs of Night,” in Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak and Kamran Talattof, eds., Essays on Nima Yushij: Animating Modernism in Persian Poetry, Leiden and Boston, 2004, pp. 139-72.
Franciszek Machalski, La littérature de l’Iran contemporain II: La poésie de l’époque de Reḍā Šāh Pahlavi (1921-1941), Warsaw, 1967.
Akbar Majd-al-Din, ed., Yād-nāma-ye Nimā: majmuʿa-ye maqālāt-e kongra-ye bozorgdāšt-e yak-ṣadomin sālgard-e tawallod-e Nimā Yušij, Tehran, 2000.
Mojtabā Masʿudi, Mitarāvad mahtāb: yādmān-e Nimā Yušij, Tehran, 1994.
Šahroḵ Meskub, “Afsāna-ye ṭabiʿat,” in idem, Dāstān-e adabiyāt wa sargoḏašt-e ejtemāʿ (sālhā-ye 1300-1315), Tehran, 1994, pp. 39-81.
Abbas Milani, “Nima Yushij,” in idem, Eminent Persians: The Men and Women Who Made Modern Iran, 1941-1979, 2 vols. (continuous pagination), Syracuse, NY, 2008, II, pp. 899-905.
Mir Teymur Marʿaši, Tāriḵ-e Mir Teymur, ed. M. Sotuda, as Tāriḵ-e ḵānedān-e Marʿaši-e Māzandarān, Tehran, 1977.
Ḥasan Mirʿābedini, Ṣad sāl dāstān-nevisi dar Irān, 3 vols. in 2, 2nd ed., Tehran, 2001.
Idem, Tāriḵ-e adabiyāt-e dāstāni-e Irān, Tehran, 2013.
ʿAli Miranṣāri, ed., Asnād-i dar bāra-ye Nimā Yušij, Tehran, 1996.
Moḥammad Moḵtāri, Ensān dar šeʿr-e moʿāṣer (dark-e ḥożur-e digari): bā taḥlil-e šeʿr-e Nimā, Šāmlu, Aḵavān, Farroḵzād, Tehran, 1993.
Majid Naficy, Modernism and Ideology in Persian Literature: A Return to Nature in the Poetry of Nima Yushij, Lanham, Md., 1997.
Reza Nematollahi and Geoffrey Squires, trs., “Makhulla” and “Night,” Poésie Vivante 28, 1968, pp. 5-6.
Maḥmud Nikuya, “ʿAnāṣer-e zendagi-e šemāl dar šeʿr-e Nimā,” Kelk 1/10, 1990, pp. 43-55.
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