ʿALĀʾI, ŠOʿĀʿ-ALLĀH (1899-1984), prominent government official and a leading Bahai. Ḥosayn, known as Šoʿāʿ-Allāh (angl. Shu’á’u’lláh), ʿAlāʾi was born in…

ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS ii. The Qajar Period Before the 19th century Anglo-Iranian relations were sporadic. Periods of engagement alternated with decades…

ANGLO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION OF 1907, an agreement relating to Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet. Signed on 31 August in St. Petersburg, it…