ʿABBĀSĪ, a name first applied to the principal gold and silver coins issued by the Safavid king ʿAbbās I (1581-1629);…

ʿABDĪ ŠĪRĀZĪ, ḴᵛĀJĀ ZAYN-AL-ʿĀBEDĪN ʿALĪ B. ʿABD-AL-MOʾMEN (921-88/1513-80), also known by his taḵalloṣ Novīdī, a poet from a notable family…

ĀŠPAZĪ, cooking . 1. Iranian foodstuffs. 2. Iranian cookery. 1. Iranian foodstuffs. The history of food consumption in Iran is…

AŠRAFĪ, term used from the mid-15th century for a gold coin first minted in Mamluk Egypt in 810/1407-08; the name…

ECONOMY vii. FROM THE SAFAVIDS THROUGH THE ZANDS The first Safavid king, Esmāʿīl I (907-30/1501-24), initiated a process of political…

SPULER, Bertold (b. Karlsruhe, Germany, 5 December 1911; d. Hamburg, 6 March 1990), scholar of East European history and Oriental…

FARMĀN (OPers. framānā, Mid. Pers. framān; Arabized pl. farāmīn), decree, command, order, judgement. In historical as well as contemporary administrative…

CARAVAN (Pers. kār(a)vān, Mid. Pers. kārwān in Narseh’s inscription at Paikuli, connected with OPers. kāra “(group of) people, army”), a…

GERMANY iv. IRANIAN STUDIES IN GERMAN: ISLAMIC PERIOD It is not an easy task to define the subject of this…