Table of Contents
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NABIL-AL-DAWLA
Guity Etemad
ʿAliqoli Khan learned English and French at the Dār al-Fonun School and, with his older brother, Ḥosaynqoli Khan Kalāntar, frequented traditional Persian gymnasia, where the latter was converted to the Bahai faith by a wrestler called Ostād Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Kāši, and he in turn led ʿAliqoli Khan into the new faith in about 1895.
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NABIL-E AKBAR
Minou Foadi
title of Āqā Moḥammad Qāʾeni, a prominent Bahai author and apologist (1829-92).
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NABIL-E AʿẒAM ZARANDI, MOLLĀ MOḤAMMAD
Vahid Rafati
(1831-1892), Persian Bahai poet, teacher, and chronicler of Babi history.
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NĀDER SHAH
Ernest Tucker
ruler of Iran, 1736-47. He rose from obscurity to control an empire that briefly stretched across Iran, northern India, and parts of Central Asia, with a reputation as a skilled military commander and with success in battle against numerous opponents, including the Ottomans and the Mughals.
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NĀDERA
Evelin Grassi
(1792-1842), Transoxianan poetess of Ḵᵛoqand, who wrote in both Persian–with the pen name Maknuna–and Čaḡatāy under the pseudonyms of Nādera and Kāmela.
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NADERPOUR, NADER
Houra Yavari
Naderpour received his primary education in Tehran and in 1942 was enrolled at Irānšahr high school. As was the case with a good number of his peers, he developed an interest in politics, and joined the nationalist Pan-Iranist Party for a short period of time. He later joined the Youth Organization of the Tudeh Party.
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NAFAR
Pierre Oberling
a tribe of Fārs and the Tehran region. Although of Turkic origin, the Nafar of Fārs have become a mixture of Turkic, Arab, and Lor elements.
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NAJAF
Rose Aslan
also known as al-Najaf al-Ašraf, a town in southern Iraq and one of the most important pilgrimage destinations for the Shiʿites. The city is tied to the death of ʿAli b. Abi Ṭāleb and his burial site, and has been home to many illustrious religious scholars over the past thousand years, rivaling Qom as a center of Shiʿite scholarship.
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NAJM-AL-SALṬANA
Mansoureh Ettehadieh
a Qajar princess whose life spanned the late Qajar and early Pahlavi eras (b. 1231-32 Š./1853; d. 1311 Š./1932).
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NAJM-E ṮĀNI
Michel M. Mazzaoui
(d. 918/1512), the third holder of the office of wakil-e nafs-e nafis-e Homāyun under Shah Esmāʿil Ṣafawi, the representative of the Shah both in his religious and in his political capacity.
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NAḴJAVĀN
C. Edmund Bosworth
the administrative center of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (NAR) with its own elected representative assembly, within the Republic of Azerbaijan but separated from it by Armenia.
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NAḴJAVĀNI, ḤĀJJ MOḤAMMAD
Hushang Ettehad and EIr
(1880-1962), businessman, scholar, and collector of manuscripts.
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NAḴL
Peter Chelkowski
As ritual objects for the ʿĀšurāʾ, naḵls are built from wood in various sizes, from simple constructions that can be carried by two persons to colossal structures about three stories high that have to be supported by hundreds of men.
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NAḴŠABI, ŻIĀʾ-AL-DIN
Mohammad Karimi Zanjani Asl
14th-century Češti mystic and author. Though originally from Naḵšab (or Nasaf, in Transoxiana), his family emigrated to India at the time of Mongol incursions.
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NALÎ
Keith Hitchins
Through his extensive travels and continuous studies Nali acquired a solid knowledge of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, which allowed him to draw on three rich literary traditions for his own work. His work, and his patriotic sentiments, were much affected, too, by the Ottoman government’s campaign to eliminate the autonomous Kurdish principalities.
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NĀMA-YE BĀNOVĀN
Nassereddin Parvin
(Women’s journal), a biweekly paper published in Tehran between 1 Mordād 1299 and 24 Khordād 1300 Š. (23 July 1920-14 June 1921).
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NĀMA-YE BĀNOVĀN-E IRĀN
Nassereddin Parvin
(The journal of the women of Iran), a weekly paper published in Tehran from Farvard in 1317 until Tir 1319 Š. (March 1938-June 1940).
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NAQŠ-E ROSTAM
Hubertus von Gall
a perpendicular cliff wall in Fārs, about 6 km northwest of Persepolis, a site unusually rich in Achaemenid and Sasanian monuments.
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NARSEH
Ursula Weber
Sasanian king (r. 293-302 CE), who was crowned only at the advanced age of approximately 60-65 after the short reign of his grandnephew, Bahrām III.
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NASAFI, ʿAZIZ
Hermann Landolt
b. Moḥammad, 7th/13th-century mystical thinker and scholar from Nasaf (Naḵšab) in Transoxania (present Qarshi or Karshi in Uzbekistan), author of many works in Persian.
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NĀṢER-AL-MOLK, ABU’L-QĀSEM
Shaul Bakhash
(1856-1927), Qajar era courtier and statesman, prime minister during the early constitutional period, and the regent during the minority of Aḥmad Shah.
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NASIM-e ŠEMĀL
Nassereddin Parvin
(in popular parlance, Nasim-e šomāl; Breeze of the North), one of the best-known and most popular periodicals in the history of Iranian journalism.
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NAṢIR-AL-DIN ṬUSI
Cross-Reference
See ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN.
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NAṢR (I) B. AḤMAD (I) B. ESMĀʿIL
C. Edmund Bosworth
ruler of the Samanid dynasty in Transoxiana and Khorasan between 301/914 and 331/943.
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NASU
Mahnaz Moazami
the demon of carrion, the greatest polluter of Ahura Mazdā’s world.
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NATEL-KHANLARI, Parviz
CROSS-REFERENCE
See KHANLARI, Parviz.
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NATIONAL PARKS OF IRAN
Eskandar Firouz
including national nature monuments, wildlife refuges, and protected areas.
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NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY IN IRAN
Pirooz Ashraf
a brief history from the outset to the Islamic Revolution of 1978-79.
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NAVSARI
Cross-Reference
city and district of Gujarat State, adjoining Surat. See PARSI COMMUNITIES i. Early History, ZOROASTRIANISM ii. Historical Review: from the Arab Conquest to Modern Times.
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NAVY i. Nāder Shah and the Iranian Navy
Michael Axworthy
earliest moves toward establishing a navy arose out of the consequences of his military campaigns in the interior of Persia.
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NAWBAḴTI FAMILY
Sean W. Anthony
a notable Shiʿite family of Persian descent, many of whose members, like their eponymous ancestor Nawbaḵt and his son Abu Sahl Fażl, ranked among the local illuminati of Baghdad.
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NAWBAḴTI, ḤASAN
David Pingree
b. Musā Abu Moḥammad, 4th/10th century theologian and philosopher in Baghdad, d. between 300/912-3 and 310/922-3.
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NAWʿI
Sunil Sharma
MOḤAMMAD-REŻĀ ḴABUŠĀNI (1563-1610), Persian poet in India, best known for his long maṯnawi, Suz o godāz, a romance centered on a suttee (sati) heroine.
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NAWM-NĀMA
Orkhan Mir-Kasimov
the dream journal of Fażl-Allāh Astarābādi (1339-1394), the founder of the Ḥorufi movement.
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NAWWĀB ŠIRĀZI, ʿALI-AKBAR
Manṣur Rastegār Fasāʾi
(1773-1847), a scholar, author, and poet also known by the pen-name Besmel.
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NAXARAR
N. Garsoian
term given to the para-feudal, social pattern that early Armenia apparently shared with Parthian Iran, although it was preserved into the Sasanian period and beyond.
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NĀẒER
Cross-Reference
title of the director of the Safavid royal secretariat. See DAFTAR-ḴĀNA-YE HOMĀYŪN.
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NAẒIRI NIŠĀPURI
Paul Losensky
Indo-Persian poet of the late 16th and early 17th centuries (b. Nishapur, ca. 1560; d. Ahmadabad, between 1612 and 1614).
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NEDĀY-E ESLĀM
Nassereddin Parvin
(The voice of Islam), a pro-constitutional newspaper lithographed and published in Shiraz, 1907.
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NEGAHBAN, EZAT O.
Kamyar Abdi
eminent Iranian archaeologist. Negahban carried out his first series of excavations in 1961 at the site of Mehrānābād about 25 km south of Tehran on the road to Sāveh.
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NEHĀVAND
C. Edmund Bosworth
(Nehāvand), a town in western Iran, situated in the northern Zagros region.
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NEʿMAT-ALLĀH MOKRI, Ḥājj
Cross-Reference
See JEYḤUNĀBĀDI.
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NÉMETH, Gyula
András Bodrogligeti
Nemeth's scholarship was devoted almost entirely to various aspects of Ottoman-Turkish studies. A few works of his, however, crossed over into Iranian studies and made lasting contributions to this field, including the Persian-Arabic elements in the Turkish language.
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NEMRUD DAĞI
Bruno Jacobs
The burial mound of Antiochus I is flanked by terraces in the east, north, and west. The settings of the sculptures on the east and west terraces are essentially identical: in each case, a row of five limestone statues (originally up to 8 m in height) overlook the terrace, their backs to the mound.
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NEO-ARAMAIC LANGUAGE
Cross-Reference
See ARAMAIC, IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (10). Aramaic , ASSYRIANS IN IRAN.
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NEOLITHIC AGE IN IRAN
Frank Hole
Originally the term “Neolithic” referred to the final Stone Age before the ages of metals.Today “Neolithic” usually refers to the period of the origins and early development of agricultural economies.
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NEŠALJ
Multiple Authors
large village in central Iran known for its picturesque architecture, the festivity of Friday of Nešalj in the early autumn, and its extinct Median dialect.
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NEŠALJ i. The Village
Habib Borjian
located in Niāsar Rural District, Niāsar District, Kashan Sub-Province, Isfahan Province.
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NEŠALJ ii. The Dialect
Habib Borjian
Nešalj had a Median dialect of Rāji variety, a language group spread throughout Kashan region, but it has been succumbing to Persian in recent decades.
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NETHERLANDS : Archives
Willem Floor
The main sources for Iran, the Persian Gulf and the Dutch-Persian relations are found in the Dutch National Archives (Nationaal Archief, NA).