Table of Contents
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ĀS
Mehdi Roschanzamir
a game of playing cards which became popular in the Qajar era, and hence replaced ganjafa, the card game associated with the Safavids.
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ĀS
cross-reference
“Ossetia”; ĀSĪ “Ossetic, Ossete.” See ALANS; ALBANIA; ASII; OSSETIC.
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ĀŠ
W. Eilers, ʿE. Elāhī, M. Boyce
(thick soup), the general term for a traditional Iranian dish comparable to the French potage.
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AṦA
B. Schlerath, P. O. Skjærvø
“truth” in Avestan. The Indo-Iranian concept of truth is preserved in the Gāθās and in the younger Avesta unchanged.
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AṦA VAHIŠTA
cross-reference
See ARDWAHIŠT.
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ASʿAD B. NAṢR
Cross-Reference
See ABZARĪ.
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ASAD B. SĀMĀNḴODĀ
C. E. Bosworth
ancestor of the Samanid dynasty.
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ASADĀBĀD (1)
C. E. Bosworth
name of several towns in medieval sources, including the modern city.
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ASADĀBĀD
D. Balland
(or ASʿADĀBĀD), the official name of a small town in eastern Afghanistan, capital of Konar (Kunar) Province.
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ASADĀBĀDĪ, ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR
Cross-Reference
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ASADĀBĀDĪ, JAMĀL-AL-DĪN
Cross-Reference
See AFḠĀNĪ, JAMĀL-AL-DĪN.
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ASADALLĀH EṢFAHĀNĪ
A. S. Melikian-Chirvani
a signature borne by hundreds of fine blades, which is occasionally followed by dates ranging from the 17th to the 19th century.
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ASADĪ ṬŪSĪ
Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh
(d. 1072-73), poet, linguist and copyist, from Ṭūs in Khorasan.
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ĀṢAF AL-LOḠĀT
M. Dabīrsīāqī
title of a Persian dictionary.
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ĀṢAF KHAN
P. Saran
10th/16th century Mughal official and military commander.
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ĀṢAF-AL-DAWLA, ʿABD-AL-WAHHĀB
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
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ĀṢAF-AL-DAWLA, ALLĀHYĀR
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
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ĀṢAFĪ HERAVĪ
A. ʿA. Rajāʾī
a minor poet of the Timurid period (d. 923/1517).
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ASAGARTA
W. Eilers
an ancient Iranian tribe of uncertain location; they must have dwelt in the east of the kingdom.
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ASĀLEM
M. Bazin
a mountainous district in Ṭāleš, now a dehestān of the central baḵš of the šahrestān of Ṭawāleš, province of Gīlān.
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ASĀLEMI dialect
Cross-Reference
See ṬĀLEŠI.
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AṢAMM, ABU BAKR
F. W. Zimmermann
(d. 200/815-6 or 201/816-7), Muʿtazilite of Baṣra.
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ĀŠAQLŪN
Cross-Reference
Manichean demon. See ĀSRĒŠTĀR.
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AʿSAR, ʿALAWAYH ABU’L-ḤASAN ʿALĪ
Cross-Reference
See ʿALAWAYH AL-AʿSAR.
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ĀŠʿARĪ, ABŪ MŪSĀ
Cross-Reference
See ABŪ MŪSĀ AŠʿARĪ.
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AŠʿARĪ, ABU’L-ḤASAN
C. E. Bosworth
scholastic theologian (motakallem) and founder of the theological school of the Ašʿarīya.
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AŠʿARĪYA
A. Heinen
(or Ashʿarism), an Islamic school of theological thought founded by Abu’l-Ḥasan Ašʿarī.
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ASĀS
H. Halm
“foundation, basis,” a degree of the Ismaʿili daʿwa hierarchy.
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ASĀṬĪR
Cross-Reference
See MYTHOLOGY.
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AŠAVAN (possessing Truth)
G. Gnoli
(Avestan), lit. “possessing truth (aša),” referring to humans, Ahura Mazdā, and the divine or angelic entities.
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ASĀWERA
C. E. Bosworth
Arabic broken plural form of a singular oswār(ī), eswār(ī), early recognized by Arab philologists as a loanword from Persian meaning “cavalryman.”
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ʿAŠĀYER
F. Towfīq
“tribes” in Iran. 1. Definitions. 2. Historical background. 3. Population figures. 4. Territorial distribution: (a) Lor and Lak tribes; (b) Kurdish tribes; (c) Turkish tribes; (d) Arab tribes; (e) Baluch and Brahui tribes. 5. Organization. 6. Economy.
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ASB
Multiple Authors
ASB, “horse” (equus cabullus, Av. aspa-, Old PerS. asa- and aspa-, Mid. and NPers. asp/b); uses and significance of horses in the Iranian world.
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ASB i. In Pre-Islamic Iran
A. Sh. Shahbazi
the horse in the culture and society of the ancient Iranian world.
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ASB ii. Among the Scythians
F. Thordarson
the horse in Scythian culture.
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ASB iii. In Islamic Times
ʿA. Solṭānī Gordfarāmarzī
horses and horsemanship in Iran in the Islamic period.
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ASB iv. In Afghanistan
C. E. Bosworth
horses and horsemanship in Afghanistan. -
ASB-SAVĀRĪ
J.-P. Digard
"horse-riding." The Iranian lands, in the course of their long history, have been the source of major advances in the techniques of equitation.
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ĀŠBANAKKUŠ
M. Mayrhofer
name of an Iranian in the Persepolis Fortification Tablets.
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ASBĀNBAR
Cross-Reference
See MADĀʾEN.
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ASBĪĀN
cross-reference
See ĀBTĪN.
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ĀŠEʿʿAT AL-LAMAʿĀT
A. E. Khairallah
(The rays of the flashes), a detailed commentary by Nūr-al-dīn ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Jāmī (817/1414-898/1492).
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ʿĀṢEM EFENDĪ
T. Yazici
(1168/1755-1236/1819), an Ottoman Turkish linguist and chronicler.
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AŠƎM VOHŪ
B. Schlerath
the second of the four great prayers of the Zoroastrians, the others being: Ahuna vairyō (Y. 27.13), Yeŋˊhē hātąm (Y. 27.15), and Airyəˊmā išyō (Y. 54.1).
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ʿĀṢEMI, Moḥammad
Habib Borjian
(also Osimi and Asimov) Tajik educator, scholar, statesman, and humanist (b. Ḵojand, 1 September 1920; d. Dushanbe, 29 July 1996). His primary subject of interest was philosophy in the broad sense of the word, with particular attention to the achievements made in the East.
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ʿĀŠEQ
C. F. Albright
in Azerbaijan, Iran, and the Republic of Azerbaijan, a poet and minstrel who accompanies his singing on a long-necked, fretted, plucked chordophone known as a sāz.
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ʿĀŠEQ EṢFAHĀNĪ
K. Amīrī Fīrūzkūhī
a Persian poet of the 12th/18th century (pen name ʿĀšeq).
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ʿĀŠEQ HAWĀSĪ
C. F. Albright
“melody of the ʿāšeq,” term referring to (1) a type of poem often sung by ʿāšeqs in Iranian Azerbaijan and (2) the typical manner of singing the poem and the manner of accompanying it on the musical instrument.
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ASFĀD JOŠNAS
A. Tafażżolī
a native of Ardašīr-ḵorra (Gūr, Fīrūzābād) who commanded the supporters of Šērōya.
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ASFAND
H. Gaube
a medieval district (kūra) of the quarter (robʿ) of Nīšāpūr of Khorasan province.