Table of Contents
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IBEX, PERSIAN
Eskandar Firouz, D. T. Potts
Capra aegagrus, also called Persian Wild Goat, in Persian pāzan. It is regarded as the ancestor of the domestic goat. Formerly it was numerous, found in almost all of Persia’s mountainous areas with rugged cliffs.
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ʿID-E FEṬR
cross-reference
See FASTING.
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ʿID-E ḠADIR
cross-reference
See ḠADĪR ḴOMM.
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ʿID-E MEHREGĀN
cross-reference
See MEHREGĀN.
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ʿID-E NIMA-YE ŠAʿBĀN
Cross-Reference
See Islam In Iran vii.
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ʿID-E NOWRUZ
cross-reference
See NOWRUZ.
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ʿID-E QORBĀN
cross-reference
See PILGRIMAGE, forthcoming online.
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IDA
Inna N. Medvedskaya
a land and a city, part of Inner Zamua, located in the area of the southwest shore of Lake Urmia, mentioned in Neo-Assyrian sources dating to the 9th century BCE.
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IḎEH
Kaveh Ehsani
town and county in northeast Khuzestan Province. Iḏa is located 20 km east of the Kārun River, in a small oval shaped valley, flanked by part of the Zagros range.
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IDEOGRAPHIC WRITING
N. Sims-Williams, D. Testen
the representation of language by means of “ideograms,” that is, symbols representing “ideas,” rather than (or usually side by side with) symbols which represent sounds. i. Terminology and conventions. ii. Ideographic writing in the Ancient Near East.
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IGDIR
Pierre Oberling
a Turkic tribe in Persia and Anatolia. It was one of the 24 original Oghuz tribes. Like other tribes that migrated to the Middle East in Saljuqid times, it has become widely scattered.
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IGNATIUS OF JESUS
Paola Orsatti
(Ignazio di Gesù, 1596-1667), an Italian missionary in Persia and a scholar of the Persian language, renowned mainly for his studies on religion and on the customs of the Mandaeans.
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IHĀM
N. Chalisova
literally meaning “making one suppose,” a term applied to a rhetorical figure (badiʿ), a kind of play on words based on a single word with a double meaning.
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IJEL
John Woods
Timurid prince (1394-1415), the fourth son of Mirānšāh b. Timur. Was named by the conqueror after one of his ancestors.
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IJI, ʿAŻOD-AL-DIN
Cross-Reference
See ʿAŻOD-AL-DIN IJI.
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IL
Cross-Reference
“tribe.” For the other Persian terms that also are used and an overview of tribal groups, see ʿAŠĀYER.
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IL-ARSLĀN
C. Edmund Bosworth
Chorasmian king of the line of Anuštegin Ḡarčaʾi (r. 1156-72). He was the son and successor of ʿAlāʾ-Din Atsïz b. Moḥammad, , who had skillfully preserved the autonomy of Chorasmia.
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IL-KHANIDS
Multiple Authors
the Mongol dynasty in Persia and the surrounding countries, from about 1260 until about 1335. The dynasty was founded by Holāgu/Hülegü Khan, the grandson of Čengiz Khan.
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IL-KHANIDS i. DYNASTIC HISTORY
REUVEN AMITAI
The first part of this entry will be a short survey of the reigns of the various Il-khans. The second part will review some of the salient characteristics and institutions of the state they ruled.
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IL-KHANIDS ii. Architecture
Sheila S. Blair
The architecture produced during the period of Il-khanid rule in Persia and Iraq is notable for its mammoth size, soaring height, sparkling color, and ingenious methods of covering space.
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IL-KHANIDS iii. Book Illustration
Stefano Carboni
The Il-khanid period (ca. 1260-ca. 1335) is no doubt the historical moment during which the art of painting, in particular in illustrated manuscripts, witnessed a dramatic increase in number, subject matter, artistic output, and patronage. The late 13th century and especially the first quarter of the 14th can be regarded as perhaps the most important formative period in the history of Persian painting, an epoch of great changes.
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IL-KHANIDS iv. Ceramics
Peter Morgan
This entry deals with glazed wares and tiles of the so-called “Sultanabad” (Solṭānābād) group, lajvardina (< Pers. lājvard “lapis lazuli”) wares, and luster wares produced in the Il-khanid period. The period extends from the fall of Baghdad in 1258 to the last dated luster tiles made in 1339.
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ILAK-KHANIDS
Michal Biran
(or Qara-khanids), the first Muslim Turkic dynasty that ruled in Central Asia from the Tarim basin to the Oxus river, from the mid-late 10th century until the beginning of the 13th.
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ILĀM
Multiple Author
a province, sub-province, and town in western Iran.
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ILĀM i. GEOGRAPHY
M. Rezazadeh Shafarudi
Until the mid-1930s Ilam was known as the Poštkuh of Lorestān as opposed to the Piškuh of Lorestān, which was located in the eastern part of the region. Since the Ṣafavid era Lorestān had been administered under the wālis (governors-general), who came from the chieftains of Lor-e Kuček tribes.
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ILĀM ii. History
Cross-Reference
See LORESTĀN ii.
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ILĀM iii. POPULATION
Habibollah Zanjani
According to the first national census of 1956, the present province (ostān) of Ilām used to be a sub-province (šahrestān) of the province of Kermānšāhān.
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ILĀQ
Boris A. Litvinsky
medieval name of an area in what is now Uzbekistan, to the south of Tashkent along the middle reaches of the Syr Darya (Jaxartes) river.
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ILĀQI, SAYYED ŠARAF-AL-ZAMĀN
Lutz Richter-Bernburg
follower of Avicenna and author in medicine, science, and philosophy (d. 1141).
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ILBĀRS KHAN
Yuri Bregel
name of two rulers of Ḵᵛārazm in the 16th and 18th centuries: (1) Ilbārs Khan b. Buräkä (or Bürgä), from the ʿArab-šāhi (q.v.) branch of the Jochids, was the founder of the dynasty which ruled Ḵᵛārazm from 1511 to the end of the 17th century.
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ILČI
cross-reference
See ELČI.
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ILDEGOZIDS
cross-reference
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ILEDONG
Mauro Maggi
site in Central Asia of uncertain location, source of a number of Khotanese fragments.
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ILLUMINATIONISM
Hossein Ziai
or Illuminationist philosophy, first introduced in the 12th century as a complete, reconstructed system distinct both from the Peripatetic philosophy of Avicenna and from theological philosophy.
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IMĀMIYA
Cross-reference
In history and theology, see: SHIʿITE DOCTRINE. In the clergy, see: SHIʿITE DOCTRINE ii. Hierarchy in the Imamiyya. See also: ISMAʿILISM xvii. The imamate in Ismaʿilism.
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IMAMS IN TWELVER SHIʿA ISLAM
Cross-Reference
1st Imam: see ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB.
2nd Imam: see ḤASAN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB.
3rd Imam: see ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB.
4th Imam: see ʿALI B. AL-ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB.
5th Imam: Moḥammad al-Bāqer (forthcoming).
6th Imam: see JAʿFAR AL-ṢĀDEQ.
7th Imam: Musā al-Kāẓem (forthcoming).
8th Imam: see ʿALI AL-REŻĀ.
9th Imam: Mohammad al-Taqiy (forthcoming).
10th Imam: see ʿALI AL-HĀDI.
11th Imam: see ʿASKARI, ABU MOḤAMMAD ḤASAN B. ʿALI.
12th Imam: see MAHDI.
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IMMORTALS
Rüdiger Schmitt
(Gk. athánatoi), name of a corps of 10,000 Persian élite infantry soldiers in Herodotus, in connection with Xerxes’ campaign against Greece in 480–479 BCE.
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INĀLU
cross-reference
See ḴAMSA.
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ÏNĀNČ ḴĀTUN
C. Edmund Bosworth
wife of the Atābeg Jahān-Pahlavān Moḥammad (r. 1175-86), the Eldigüzid (or Ildegizid) ruler in Arrān, most of Azerbaijan, and then Jebāl.
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INCEST AND INBREEDING
Geert Jan Van Gelder
Incest and inbreeding are two different but related aspects of marriage and human reproduction.
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INDIA
Multiple Authors
This series of entries covers Indian history and its relations with Iran.
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INDIA i. Introduction
Christopher J. Brunner
This entry presents a series of survey articles on selected areas of interaction and mutual influence between the two culture areas, including overviews of the enormous body of literature produced in India in the Persian language.
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INDIA ii. Historical Geography
Pierfrancesco Callieri
The geographical borders between the Iranian plateau and the Indian subcontinent are well defined by features, such as mountain ranges, which represent the western limits of the Indus River valley.
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INDIA iii. RELATIONS: ACHAEMENID PERIOD
Pierfrancesco Callieri
The conquest by Darius I of the territories of the Indian subcontinent west of the Indus for the first time created a clear relationship between India and Iran.
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INDIA iv. RELATIONS: SELEUCID, PARTHIAN, SASANIAN PERIODS
Pierfrancesco Callieri
Seleucus I (d. 281 BCE) led an expedition to India (Matelli, 1987) ca. 305 B.C.E. It ended, however, with the cession of territories to a new Indian king, Candragupta Maurya.
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INDIA v. RELATIONS: MEDIEVAL PERIOD TO THE 13TH CENTURY
C. Edmund Bosworth
The first political and military footholds of the Muslims in the subcontinent proper were in Sind, and at Multan in the middle Indus valley, secured in the early 8th century.
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INDIA vi. Political and Cultural Relations (13th-18th centuries)
Richard M. Eaton
Relations between peoples of the Iranian plateau and India were extensive and uninterrupted between the 13th and 18th centuries. Migration, commerce, and politics all led to a range of cross-regional influences.
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INDIA vii. RELATIONS: THE AFSHARID AND ZAND PERIODS
Mansour Bonakdarian
The invasion of the Persian capital (Isfahan) by Ḡilzai Afghan forces in 1722 and the collapse of Safavid central authority had a marked impact on Indo-Persian relations,
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INDIA viii. RELATIONS: QAJAR PERIOD, THE 19TH CENTURY
Mansour Bonakdarian
By the time of Āqā Moḥammad Khan’s founding of the Qajar dynasty in 1796, Persia’s diplomatic relations with the Mughal empire and other territories in the Indian subcontinent were gradually passing under the supervision of British authorities in India.
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INDIA ix. RELATIONS: QAJAR PERIOD, EARLY 20TH CENTURY
Mansour Bonakdarian
The contributions made by various non-Iranian individuals and groups to the constitutional/ nationalist cause in Persia have long been acknowledged in the historiography of the revolution.