Table of Contents
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EAGLES
Steven C. Anderson, William L. Hanaway, Jr.
(Ar. and Pers. ʿoqāb; also obsolete Pers. dāl < Mid. Pers. dālman; also obsolete Pers. and Mid. Pers. āloh), large, diurnal, raptorial birds of the family Accipitridae in several genera (45-90 cm long, wingspan 110-250 cm).
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EARTH IN ZOROASTRIANISM
Cross-Reference
See ELEMENTS i.
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EARTHQUAKES
Daniel Balland, Habib Borjian, Xavier de Planhol, Manuel Berberian
in Persia and Afghanistan. Both countries lie on the great alpine belt that extends from the Azores in the Atlantic Ocean through the Indonesian archipelago and forms the world’s longest collision boundary, between the Eurasian plate in the north and several former Gondwanan blocks in the south, including the so-called “Iranian plates” and “Afghan plates.”
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EAST AFRICA
Mark Horton, Derek Nurse, Farouk Topan, Will. C. van den Hoonard
Persian relations with the lands of the East African coast, particularly Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania. From early times monsoon winds have permitted rapid maritime travel between East Africa and Western Asia. Although large-scale Persian settlement in East Africa is unlikely Persian cultural and religious influences nonetheless were felt.
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EAST AND WEST
Antonio Panaino
an English language quarterly published since 1950 by IsMEO (Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente [Italian Institute for Middle and Far East]) and now by the IsIAO (Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente [Italian Institute for Africa and the Orient]).
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EAST INDIA COMPANY (BRITISH)
R. W. Ferrier, John R. Perry
a trading company incorporated on 31 December 1600 for fifteen years with the primary purpose of exporting the staple production of English woolen cloths and importing the products of the East Indies.
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EAST INDIA COMPANY (DUTCH)
Cross-Reference
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EAST INDIA COMPANY (FRENCH)
Anne Kroell
a company established in 1664 to conduct all French commercial operations with the Orient.
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EAST SYRIAN MONASTERIES IN SASANIAN IRAN
Florence Jullien
Traces of monastic foundations in Sasanian Iran can be found in the sources as early as the 4th century CE. In the present review of the main East Syrian monasteries, emphasis is on the reformed monastic settlements of the 6th-7th centuries.
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EASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES
Nicholas Sims-Williams
term used to refer to a group of Iranian languages most of which are or were spoken in lands to the east of the present state of Persia.
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EASTWICK, EDWARD BACKHOUSE
Parvin Loloi
(1814–1883), orientalist and diplomat, best known for his translations from Persian and Indian languages.
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ʿEBĀDĪ, AḤMAD
Jean During
(1906-1993), one of the outstanding modern masters of Persian music. He played a leading role in popularizing the setār; the appeal of his performance resulted partly from the development of a new style involving slight technical and acoustical modifications to the instrument.
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EBĀḤĪYA
Hamid Algar
or EBĀḤATĪYA; a polemical term denoting either antinomianism or groups and individuals accused thereof.
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EBER-NĀRI
Muhammad A. Dandamayev
the Akkadian name used in Assyrian and Babylonian records of the 8th-5th centuries B.C.E. for the lands to the west of the Euphrates—i.e., Phoenicia, Syria, and Palestine.
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EBERMAN, VASILIĬ ALEKSANDROVICH
Anas B. Khalidov
(b. St. Petersburg, 1899, d. Orel, 1937), scholar of early Persian poets writing in Arabic.
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EBIR NĀRĪ
Cross-Reference
See EBER-NĀRI.
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EBLĀḠ
Nassereddin Parvin
lit. “communication”; title of five Persian language newspapers.
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EBLĪS
Hamid Algar
a Koranic designation for the devil in Persian Sufi Tradition, derived ultimately from the Greek diabolos.
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EBN ʿABBĀD
Cross-Reference
See ṢĀḤEB B. ʿABBĀD.
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EBN ABHAR, MOḤAMMAD-TAQĪ
Stephen Lambden
(1854-1919), Bahai teacher and one of the “hands of the cause."