Table of Contents
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AMA
M. Boyce
a minor Zoroastrian divinity, the hypostasis of strength, who appears in the Avestan hymn to Vərəθraγna (Yt. 14).
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AʿMĀ
I. Abbas
7th-8th century poet from Azerbaijan who wrote in Arabic.
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AMAHRASPAND
Cross-Reference
See AMƎŠA SPƎNTA.
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AMAL AL-ĀMEL
J. van Ess
biographical dictionary of Shiʿite (Etnāʿašarī) scholars originating from the Jabal ʿĀmel in south Lebanon, composed by Moḥammad b. Ḥasan b. ʿAlī Mašḡarī, known as Ḥorr-e ʿĀmelī (1033-1104/1624-1693).
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ʿAMALA
P. Oberling
(literally: workers, retainers), the retinue of a tribal chief, and the name of a number of tribes.
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AMĀMA
Abu’l-Qāsem Tafażżolī
(also ʿAmāma), a village in the Lavāsān district at a distance of 39 km north of Tehran, located in a mountainous area 2,230 m above sea level.
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ʿAMĀMA
H. Algar
(or ʿAMMĀMA, Arabic ʿEMĀMA), the turban. Imbued with symbolic significance, the turban was once the almost universal headgear of adult male Muslims.
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AMĀN-E AFḠĀN
I. V. Pourhadi
newspaper of Afghanistan during the reign of King Amānallāh (1337-48/1919-29).
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AMĀNALLĀH
L. B. Poullada
(1892-1961), ruler of Afghanistan (1919-29), first with the title of amir and from 1926 on with that of shah.
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AMĀNAT
M. Baqir
12th/18th century poet in Persian who imitated the style of his teacher, Mīrzā ʿAbd-al-Qāder Bīdel.
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AMĀNAT KHAN ŠĪRĀZĪ
W. E. Begley
When Shah Jahān’s wife Momtāz Maḥall died in childbirth (17 Ḏu’l-qaʿda 1040/17 June 1631), ʿAbd-al-Ḥaqq was appointed to select the Koranic passages and design the calligraphy for her tomb. One year later, the emperor honored him with the title Amānat Khan and promoted him to the manṣab rank of 900.
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AMĀNI
Fabrizio Speziale
pen name of Amān-Allāh Khan, Ḵān-e Zamān, an Indo-Muslim physician and author of works on medicine (d. 1637).
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ʿAMʿAQ BOḴARĀʾĪ
J. Matīnī
Having attained a degree of literary prowess in his home of Bokhara he went to the Qarakhanid court in Samarkand in 460/1068.
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ĀMĀR
Cross-Reference
See DEMOGRAPHY.
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AMAR NĀTH
B. Ahmad
Persian writer and poet of the Punjab under the Sikhs (1822-67).
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ʿAMĀRA MARVAZĪ
J. Matīnī
Persian poet of the late Samanid/early Ghaznavid periods.
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AMARANTH
Cross-Reference
See BOSTĀNAFRŪZ.
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ĀMĀRGAR
D. N. MacKenzie, M. L. Chaumont
a Middle and New Persian word designating a person holding a particular administrative post.
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AʿMAŠ, ABŪ MOḤAMMAD
E. Kohlberg
SOLAYMĀN B. MEḤRĀN ASADĪ (in some sources, erroneously, Azdī) KĀHELĪ KŪFĪ, 1st-2nd/7th-8th century Shiʿite scholar, traditionist, and Koran reader.
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AMASYA, PEACE OF
M. Köhbach
(8 Raǰab 962/29 May 1555), treaty signed between Iran and the Ottomans and observed for some twenty years.
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AMATUNI
C. Toumanoff
Armenian dynastic house, known historically after the 4th century CE.
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AMAZONS
A. Sh. Shahbazi
designation of a fabulous race of female warriors in Greek beliefs, writings, and art, fancifully explained as a-mazos (breastless or full-breasted).
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AMAZONS IN THE IRANIAN WORLD
Adrienne Mayor
Women warriors who gloried in fighting, hunting, and exercised sexual freedom in Persian literature and Iranian history and culture.
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ĀMED
Cross-Reference
See AMIDA.
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ĀMEDĪ
E. Kohlberg
6th/12th century traditionist.
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ʿĀMEL
C. E. Bosworth
the holder of an administrative office in the pre-modern Islamic world.
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ʿĀMELĪ EṢFAHĀNĪ
Cross-Reference
See AḤMAD ʿALAWĪ.
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ʿĀMELĪ EṢFAHĀNĪ, ABU’L-ḤASAN
H. Corbin
Shiʿite theologian and author (d. Najaf, 1138/1726).
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ʿĀMELĪ, ʿABD-AL-MONʿEM
Cross-Reference
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ʿĀMELĪ, BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN
Cross-Reference
See BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN ʿĀMELĪ.
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AMƎRƎTĀT
Cross-Reference
See AMURDĀD.
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ʿĀMERĪ NĪŠĀPŪRĪ
H. Corbin
(d. 381/992), important philosopher from Khorasan between Fārābī and Avicenna.
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AMƎŠA SPƎNTA
M. Boyce
an Avestan term for beneficent divinity, meaning literally “Holy/Bounteous Immortal” (Pahl. Amešāspand, [A]mahraspand).
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AMESTRIS
R. Schmitt
no. 4. Niece of of Darius III, d. ca. 280 BCE. She was married to the Macedonian general Craterus, then to the tyrant Dionysius in Bithynia, and to Lysimachus, king of Thrace, before ruling alone in Paphlagonia.
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ʿAMĪD, ABŪ ʿABDALLĀH
C. E. Bosworth
known as Kolah (said to be an opprobrious term), secretary and official in northern Persia and Transoxania during the 4th/10th century.
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ʿAMĪD-AL-DĪN ASʿAD
Cross-Reference
See ABZARĪ.
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ʿAMĪD-AL-DĪN SANĀMĪ
M. U. Memon
Persian poet of India, panegyrist of Nāṣer-al-dīn Maḥmūd (r. 644-64/1246-66) and perhaps of Ḡīāṯ-al-dīn Balban (7th/13th century).
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ʿAMĪD-AL-MOLK
Cross-Reference
See ABŪ BAKR QOHESTĀNĪ.
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ʿAMĪD-AL-MOLK ABŪ ḠĀNEM
Cross-Reference
See ABZARĪ.
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AMIDA
D. Sellwood and EIr
Pers. Āmed (modern Dīārbakr), town situated on a plateau dominating the west bank of the upper Tigris.
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AMĪN AḤMAD RĀZĪ
M. U. Memon
better known as AMĪN RĀZĪ, 10th-11th/16th-17th century author of the Haft eqlīm, a famous geographical and biographical encyclopedia.
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AMĪN BALYĀNĪ
Cross-Reference
See BALYĀNĪ, AMĪN-AL-DĪN.
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AMĪN ḤAŻRAT
J. Calmard
eldest son of Āqā Ebrāhīm Amīn-al-solṭān who succeeded his father as Head of the royal pantry (ābdār-bašī), which allowed him to accompany Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah in all his travels in Iran and abroad.
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AMĪN ḤOŻŪR
J. Calmard
(Trustee in Presence), an official title under Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah whose successive administrative reorganizations after 1858 led to a multiplication of offices, particularly in the royal household.
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AMĪN ḴALWAT
F. Gaffary
(Trustee of the Shah’s private household or court), an office and title in the late Qajar period held by members of the Ḡaffārī family.
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AMĪN LAŠKAR
J. Calmard
(Trustee of the Army), Qajar title held by Mīrzā ʿEnāyatallāh and Mīrzā Qahramān under Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah.
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AMĪN LAŠKAR, MĪRZĀ QAHRAMĀN
A. Amanat
(1244-1310/1828-92), a middle rank Qajar official during the rule of Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah.
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AMĪN, ḤĀJJĪ
M. Momen
name given successively to two Bahaʾis who were trustees of the Bahaʾi system of religious taxation, the Ḥoqūq Allāh.
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AMĪN-AL-DAWLA, ʿABDALLĀH KHAN
A. Amanat
ṢADR EṢFAHĀNĪ (1779-1847), chief revenue accountant and later prime minister under Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah (1797-1834).
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AMĪN-AL-DAWLA, ʿALĪ EBRĀHĪM KHAN
Cross-Reference
See ʿALĪ EBRĀHĪM KHAN.