AZERBAIJAN ii. Archeology The region to be discussed comprises the two Iranian provinces of West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan, with…

BATHHOUSES (ḥammām, garmāba) i. General. ii. The layout of rural bath structures. i. General Pre-Islamic Iran. Bathhouses existed prior to…

BĀRŪ, (or Bāra), fortress in general, defensive wall, rampart. The word is not attested in the oldest sources and goes…

BARSĪĀN (also Bersīān, locally called Bīsyūn), a village in the dehestān of Barāʾān 45 km southeast of Isfahan on the…

ʿABBĀSĀBĀD, flourishing caravan station of the Safavid period. It was located 92 km southeast of Varāmīn in the Sīāh-kūh, and…

CALMEYER, Peter, German archaeologist and Iranologist (b. 5 September 1930 in Halle, d. 22 November 1995 in Berlin). His father,…

MINARET (manāra), a tower, usually attached to a mosque, from which the muezzin (moʾaḏḏen) summons Muslims to prayer. In Arabic,…