BATHHOUSES (ḥammām, garmāba) i. General. ii. The layout of rural bath structures. i. General Pre-Islamic Iran. Bathhouses existed prior to…

BĀRŪT (also bārūṭ and bārūd) “gunpowder” is a loanword from Arabic; it passed from Turkish into Persian usage. This is…

BARQ, the modern Persian term for electricity, borrowed from Arabic barq “lightning, flash of lightning.” Pashto uses brēṧna “lightning.” i….

BANKING in IRAN. i. History of banking in Iran. ii. Banking in the Islamic Republic of Iran.   i. History…

BĀJ, a term denoting tribute to be paid by vassals to their overlord, in which sense it is also used…

BAHRA, a term meaning “share,” “gain,” or “profit,” used within the economic context of Islamic Iran to mean “return on…

ʿAWĀREŻ, term used since 4th/10th century to denote extraordinary imposts of various kinds, the nature of which differed per area…