BAHRĀMĪ SARAḴSĪ, ABU’L-ḤASAN ʿALĪ, Persian poet and leading literary scholar of the early 5th/11th century. He was one of the…

BADAḴŠĪ SAMARQANDĪ, the poet laureate (malek-al-šoʿarāʾ) of the Timurid Mīrzā Uluḡ Beg (murdered 853/1449). Dawlatšāh Samarqandī, Ḵᵛāndamīr, and Āḏar Bīgdelī…

BADĪʿ BALḴĪ, ABŪ MOḤAMMAD BADĪʿ B. MOḤAMMAD B. MAḤMŪD BALḴĪ, poet of the 4th/10th century, contemporary and panegyrist of Abū…

BADRĪ KAŠMĪRĪ, BADR-AL-DĪN ʿABD-AL-SALĀM B. EBRĀHĪM ḤOSAYNĪ, a Persian poet in India in the second half of the 10th/16th century….

BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN BAḠDĀDĪ, MOḤAMMAD B. MOʾAYYAD BAḠDĀDĪ (or BAḠDĀDAKĪ) ḴᵛĀRAZMĪ, a master of the art of Persian letter-writing (tarassol) in the…

BAHMANJANA (Arabicized form of Mid. Pers. Bahmanagān; forms such as Bahmaṇča or Bahmaṇčena are also found). Each day of the…

BĀḴARZĪ ḴORĀSĀNĪ, RAʾĪS ABU’L-QĀSEM ʿALĪ B. ḤASAN B. ABI’L-ṬAYYEB, an Iranian littérateur of the 5th/11th century who composed poems in…

BANĀʾĪ HERAVĪ, KAMĀL-AL-DĪN ŠĪR-ʿALĪ, son of Ostād Moḥammad Sabz Meʿmār, poet and musicologist (857-918/1453-1512). The son of an architect and…

BASSĀM-e KORD, the Kharijite (fl. mid-3rd/9th century), one of the first poets in the New Persian language, active at the…

BAŠŠĀR-e MARḠAZĪ (possibly Bešgar; see Bahār, I, p. 378 n. 1), a Persian poet of the 4th/10th century, apparently from…

ʿARABŠĀH, ʿEMĀD-AL-DĪN ʿARABŠĀH YAZDĪ, a poet and mystic of the 8th/14th century. He was a contemporary of Shah Yaḥyā, grandson…

ʿĀREFĪ HERAVĪ, MAWLĀNĀ MAḤMŪD, a poet of the 9th/15th century contemporary with the Timurid Šāhroḵ. Either because he followed the…

ʿARŪŻĪ, YŪSOF, rhetorician and poet of the 4th/10th century, samples of whose poetry are preserved in the Loḡat-e fors and…

ʿAṢṢĀR TABRĪZĪ, Mawlānā ŠAMS-AL-DĪN ḤĀJJĪ MOḤAMMAD, poet, scholar, and mystic of the 8th/14th century. In addition to literary skills, he…

AṮĪR AḴSĪKATĪ, a poet of the 6th/12th century with a distinctive style. According to late sources such as Majmaʿ al-foṣaḥāʾ…

AṮĪR OWMĀNĪ, AṮĪR-AL-DĪN ʿABDALLĀH, a poet of the ʿErāqī (western Iranian) school of the 7th/13th century (d. 665/1266). He came…

AWḤAD-AL-DĪN KERMĀNĪ, ḤĀMED B. ABI’L-FAḴR, a famous mystic of the 6th/12th century. Dates of his death given in different sources…

BĀBĀ FAḠĀNĪ, a Persian poet in the 9th/15th and early 10th/16th centuries. Born and brought up at Shiraz, he began…

ʿABD-AL-VĀSEʿ JABALĪ, full name EMĀM BADĪʿ-AL-ZAMĀN ʿABD-AL-VĀSEʿ B. ʿABD-AL-JĀMEʿ ḠARJESTĀNĪ JABALĪ, Persian poet, d. 555/1160. He was born to an…

ANDARZ (precept, instruction, advice). i. Andarz and andarz literature in pre-Islamic Iran. ii. Andarz literature in New Persian. i. ANDARZ…

BOSTĪ, ABU’L-FATḤ NEẒĀM-AL-DĪN ʿAMĪD ʿALĪ b. Moḥammad b. Ḥosayn b. Yūsof Kāteb, a notable bilingual secretary and poet of the…

BORHĀN NAFĪS, BORHĀN-AL-DĪN NAFĪS b. ʿEważ b. Ḥakīm Kermānī, a physician of great renown in the 9th/15th century. Born into…

BORHĀN BALḴĪ, BORHĀN-AL-DĪN MOẒAFFAR b. Šams b. ʿAlī b. Ḥamīd-al-Dīn, a poet of the 8th/14th century from Balḵ. He was…

BONDĀR (or Pendār) RĀZĪ, poet in the 4th/10th century and early years of the 5th/11th century, named as the author…

BESMEL ŠĪRĀZĪ, ḤĀJĪ ʿALĪ-AKBAR, also known as Nawwāb, Persian writer and poet of note of the 12th-13th/18th-19th centuries, who, as…

BESĀṬĪ SAMARQANDĪ, SERĀJ AL-DĪN, Per­sian poet (fl. second half of the 8th/14th and first half of the 9th/15th centuries). Besāṭī…

ADĪB ṢĀBER, ŠARAF-AL-ODABĀʾ ŠEHĀB-AL-DĪN B. ESMĀʿĪL TERMEḎĪ, famous poet of the first half of the 6th/12th century. He began his…

ABU’L-HAYJĀ ARDAŠĪR B. DAYLAMSOPĀR NAJMĪ QOṬBĪ, Persian poet of the 5th-6th/11th-12th centuries. At his request Asadī Ṭūsī wrote the Loḡat-e fors;…

FAṢĪḤĪ HERAVĪ, MĪRZĀ FAṢĪḤ-AL-DĪN, b. Abu’l-Makārem b. Mawlānā Mīrjān Anṣārī, poet of the 11th/17th century (b. ca. 987/1579, d. 1049/1639)….

FARĪDES FARĀYENĪ (or Eṣfahānī), Malek-al-Šoʿarāʾ Ḵᵛāja FARĪD-AL-DĪN AḤWAL (the squint-eyed), 13th-century Persian poet, whose dates of birth and death are…

ʿEṢMAT BOḴĀRĪ, Ḵᵛāja ʿEṢMAT-ALLĀH b. Masʿūd Boḵārī (d. 840/1436), poet and scholar of the early Timurid period, known also for…

EBN NOṢRAT, AMIR BAHĀʾ-AL- DĪN BARANDAQ ḴOJANDĪ, Timurid poet (b. 757/1356; d. ca. 837/1433). Son of Amir Noṣratšāh, governor of…

EBN ḤOSĀM ḴᵛĀFĪ (or Ḵūsfī), MOḤAMMAD, a poet of the 9th/15th century. Living in the village of Ḵūsf, near Bīrjand,…

DAWLATŠĀH b. Amīr ʿAlāʾ-al-Dawla Boḵtīšāh Ḡāzī SAMARQANDĪ, AMĪR (b. ca. 842/1438, d. 900/1494 or 913/1507), author of Taḏkerat al-šoʿarāʾ (Memorial…

DĀʿĪ ŠĪRĀZĪ, AL-DĀʿĪ ELAʾLLĀH SAYYED NEẒĀM-­AL-DĪN MAḤMŪD (810-70/1407-65), known as Shah Dāʿī, poet, preacher, and leader of the Neʿmat-Allāhī Sufi…

ḤOSN O DEL, an allegorical work by Fattāḥi Nišāburi, which is closely connected subject with his other work Dastur-e ʿoššāq….

HĀTEF, SAYYED AḤMAD EṢFAHĀNI (d. Qom 1198/1783), an influential poet of the 18th century. He belonged to the first generation…

HAMGAR, MAJD-AL-DIN B. AḤMAD, known also as Majd-e Hamgar and Ebn-e Hamgar (hamgar means “weaver”), an important poet of the 7th/13th…