i. The people MONGOLS, an Altaic people whose home lay in the east of the modern republic of Mongolia, and…

TOḠA TIMUR (TOḠA TEMÜR), the last of the Mongol Il-Khans of Iran (736-754/1336-1353); his name is often given as Taḡāy…

SATI BIK (Sati Beg), of the Il-Khanid dynasty (739/1338-9) was the daughter of the Il-Khan Öljeitü (Uljāytu) by his wife…

SOLAYMĀN, Il-Khan of Iran (739/1339-745/1344).  A great-grandson of Yošmut, son of Hülegü (Hulāku), he was proclaimed khan in 739/1339 by…

HAYTON (HETʿUM) of Gorighos, a prince of the Hetumid dynasty that ruled the kingdom of Lesser (Cilician) Armenia.  A nephew…

QOPČUR (QUPČUR), capitation tax levied by the Mongols (Doerfer I, pp. 387-91).  Qopčur first surfaces (in its Mongolian guise of…

WILLIAM OF RUBRUCK, Friar (fl. 1253-1255), a Flemish Franciscan missionary who traveled through the lands that the Mongols had conquered…

COURTS AND COURTIERS iv. Under the Mongols During the early stages of the Mongol presence Persia was ruled, on behalf…

CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS iii. In the Mongol Period The incorporation of Persia into a vast empire that extended as far as…

ʿEṢĀMĪ, ʿABD-AL-MALEK (fl. 751/1350), Indo-Muslim poet writing in Persian. Since he gives his age as forty when he composed his…

ĒLTOTMEŠ, ŠAMS-AL-DĪN (d. 633/1236), first Sultan of Delhi. A member of the Ölberi tribe (for the correct spelling, see Golden)…

ELJIGIDEI (Īlčīktāy, Īljīkdāy), the name of two Mongol generals. 1. An army commander under Čengīz Khan (q.v.), responsible for the…

DĀNEŠMAND BAHĀDOR, Mongol com­mander (d. 706/1306). He is possibly to be identified with the Dānešmand Bahādor who headed a band…

DĀNEŠMAND-E ḤĀJEB, Muslim officer in Mongol service in the first half of the 13th century. In 616/1219-20 he was sent…

CRUSADES, in relation to Persia. The term “crusade” refers to a series of Christian holy wars fought in the Middle…

ČORMĀGŪN (Mongol Čormaḡun; in Pers. also written Jūrmāḡūn), Mongol general and military gov­ernor in Persia, d. ca. 639/1242. His name,…

ČĪN TĪMŪR (Čin Temür; d. 633/1235-36), the first governor of Khorasan and Māzandarān on behalf of the Mongols. According to…

CHAGHATAYID DYNASTY, name given to the descendants of Čengīz Khan’s second son Čaḡatai, who reigned in Transoxania until ca. 771/1370…

ČĀV (Čao, from Chinese ch’ao “paper money, assignat”; Mathews’ Chinese-English Dictionary, no. 258), paper currency issued in Mongol Iran in…

YĀSĀWUR (YASA’UR), a Mongol prince belonging to the Chaghatayid dynasty.  He was a grandson of Buqa Timur (Buqa Temür) (Tāriḵ-e…

BOYLE, JOHN ANDREW (1916-78), British oriental­ist. He was born at Worcester Park, Surrey, England, on 10 March 1916. His father…

BEGLERBEGĪ (Pers. also -beygī), a Turkish title meaning “beg of begs,” “commander of commanders.” In the Il-khanid period it is…

BEG (Pers. also beyg) and BEGOM. Beg is a Turkish title meaning “lord” or “chief,” later “prince,” equivalent to the…

ABAQA (or ABAḠA, “paternal uncle” in Mongolian; ABĀQĀ in Persian and Arabic), eldest son and first successor of the Il-khan…

JALAYERIDS (sometimes called the Ilakāni by Persian historians), a dynasty of Mongol origin which ruled over Iraq, and for several…

JABA (Jebe; Jovayni uses the Turkish form Yeme), 13th-century Mongol general of the Besüt (Bisut) tribe under Čengiz Khan (q.v.)….

GÜYÜK KHAN (r. 644-46/1246-48), Mongol great khan (qaḡan), given posthumously the regnal title Ting-tsung. He was the eldest son of…

GOLDEN HORDE, name given to the Mongol Khanate ruled by the descendants of Joči (Juji; d. 624/1226-27), the eldest son…

ḠĪĀṮ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD (d. 736/1336), Il-khanid vizier, the son of Rašīd-al-Dīn Fażl-Allāh Hamadānī (executed 718/1318), the celebrated historian and vizier of…

ḠĀYER KHAN (d. 617/1220), Turkish general of the Ḵᵛārazmšāh ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Moḥammad b. Tekeš. The title is supplied by Jovaynī (ed….

GAYḴĀTŪ KHAN, fifth Mongol Il-khan of Persia (690-94/1291-95); his coins also bear the name Īrinjīn Dūrjī (Tibetan Rin-chen rDo-rje “Jewel…

DAVID OF ASHBY (fl. 1260-75), Dominican friar and visitor to Il-khanid Persia. Early in 1260 he was sent from Acre…

MONGOLS, an Altaic people whose home lay in the east of the modern republic of Mongolia, and who, under the…