ALBORZ iii. Geography The Alborz mountains form the central part of the northern arc of mountains in Iran, which extend…

BAZAR v. Temporary Bāzārs in Iran and Afghanistan Periodic bāzārs. Periodic markets, and especially weekly markets, are generally presented as…

BARLEY, Persian jow (from OIran. *yawa-, cf. Av. yauua- “grain,” Pahl. ǰōrdā “barley”), Pashto wərbəša.  i. In Iran.  ii. In…

BĀḠ ii. General In Iranian agriculture, the word bāḡ, though usually translated as “garden,” means more precisely an enclosed area…

ĀZĀD, Zelkova crenata or Siberian elm, a tree of the Ulmaceae family, for which also other scientific names, such as…

ĀSTĀRĀ i. Town and Sub-Province Since 1228/1813, when the treaty of Golestān fixed the frontier between Qajat Persia and the…

ASĀLEM, a mountainous district in Ṭāleš, now a dehestān of the central baḵš of the šahrestān of Ṭawāleš, province of…

ARZAN, millet (Pahl. and modern Pers. dialects also ālum). The main species of millet probably originate from the Far East…

ANGŪR, grapes. i. Production and trade. ii. In Afghanistan. iii. In literature.   i. Production and Trade Origins and historical…

ABRĪŠAM, silk. i. Etymology. ii. Trade and production of silk and its use in crafts. iii. Silk textiles in Iran….