NEGĀRESTĀN MUSEUM, a museum founded in Tehran in 1975, specializing in Iranian art of the 18th and 19th centuries. Introduction….

CARPETS x. Afsharid and Zand Periods The rug production of Persia in the Afsharid (1148-61/1736-48) and Zand periods (1163-1209/1750-79) has…

CLOTHING x. In the Safavid and Qajar periods In the late 15th century the poet Neẓām-al-Dīn Maḥmūd Qārī (Neẓām Qārī)…

ENAMEL (Pers. mīnā, possibly a dialect form of mīnū < Mid. Pers. mēnōg “uncorporeal, spiritual, the world beyond, heaven” <...

CRYSTAL (bolūr “crystal, rock crystal”; see crystal, rock; also ābgīna, lit. “like water”; šīša “glass”), originally a type of fine…

GOL O BOLBOL, rose and nightingale, a popular literary and decorative theme. i. In Persian literature. ii. As a decorative…