JONAS, Hans (b. Mönchengladbach, Germany, 10 May 1903; d. New Rochelle, N.Y., 5 February 1993), philosopher who significantly contributed to…

GNOSTICISM in Persia. i. In the pre-Islamic Iranian world. ii. In Islam. See ʿERFĀN.   i. in the pre-islamic iranian…

MANDAEANS iii. INTERACTION WITH IRANIAN RELIGION The assimilation and corresponding processing of Iranian (Persian) components within the Mandaean religion can…

MANDAEANS ii. THE MANDAEAN RELIGION A major characteristic of the Mandaeans is the frequent ritual use of (running) water (for…