J. Calmard
Articles by J. Calmard
- BAST
BAST (sanctuary, asylum), the designation of certain sanctuaries in Iran that are considered inviolable and were often used by people…
- ʿAZĪZ KHAN MOKRĪ
ʿAZĪZ KHAN MOKRĪ, SARDĀR-E KOLL (1207-87/1792-1871), an army chief and dignitary of Qajar Iran who occupied high-ranking positions from early…
- ʿAZĀDĀRĪ
ʿAZĀDĀRĪ, to hold a commemoration of the dead, by extension, mourning, a word deriving from Arabic ʿazāʾ, which means commemorating…
- ʿAYN-AL-DAWLA, ʿABD-AL-MAJĪD
ʿAYN-AL-DAWLA, SOLṬĀN ʿABD-AL-MAJĪD MĪRZĀ ATĀBAK-E AʿẒAM (1261-1345/1845-1926) son of Solṭān Aḥmad Mīrzā ʿAżod-al-dawla, Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah’s forty-eighth son and a prominent…
- ATĀBAK-E AʿẒAM, AMĪN-AL-SOLṬĀN
ATĀBAK-E AʿẒAM, MĪRZĀ ʿALĪ-AṢḠAR KHAN AMĪN-AL-SOLṬĀN, grand vizier under the last three Qajar kings. The Qajar title Atābak-e Aʿẓam, reminiscent…
- ʿĀQ-E WĀLEDAYN
ʿĀQ[Q]-E WĀLEDAYN, Ar.: “[the son] disobedient to [his] parents,” a theme in popular Shiʿite literature. ʿĀq (popular form of ʿāqq,…
- ANGLO-PERSIAN WAR (1856-57)
ANGLO-PERSIAN WAR (1856-57). Following their defeat in the Russo-Persian wars of 1219-28/1804-13 and 1242-44/1826-28, the Qajars, tried to compensate for…
- AMĪR TŪMĀN
AMĪR(-E) TŪMĀN, commander of 10,000 men, a military rank originally used by the Il-khanids in the 7th/13th century (see Jovaynī,…
- AMĪR LAŠKAR
AMĪR(-E) LAŠKAR (pl. omarā-ye laškar), military rank equivalent to general granted during Reżā Khan’s rise to power. The titles amīr-e…
- AMĪN LAŠKAR
AMĪN(-E) LAŠKAR (Trustee of the Army), Qajar title held by Mīrzā ʿEnāyatallāh and Mīrzā Qahramān (see below) under Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah….
- AMĪN ḤOŻŪR
AMĪN(-E) ḤOŻŪR (Trustee in Presence), an official title under Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah whose successive administrative reorganizations after 1858 led to a…
- AMĪN ḤAŻRAT
AMĪN(-E) ḤAŻRAT, ĀQĀ MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ, the eldest son of Āqā Ebrāhīm Amīn-al-solṭān and the half-brother of Mīrzā ʿAlī-Aṣḡar Khan Amīn-al-solṭān. He…
- ʿALĪ AṢḠAR
ʿALĪ AṢḠAR (ʿABDALLĀH), Imam Ḥosayn’s youngest son, killed at Karbalā (10 Moḥarram 61/10 October 680). His mother was Rabāb bent…
- ʿALĪ AKBAR
ʿALĪ AKBAR, Imam Ḥosayn’s eldest son, killed at the age of 18, 19, or 25 at the battle of Karbalā…
- ʿALAM VA ʿALĀMAT
ʿALAM VA ʿALĀMAT (Ar. ʿalāma), banner; more particularly, the banners carried in religious processions. For banners in the pre-Islamic period,…
- ʿADL-E MOẒAFFAR
ʿADL-E MOẒAFFAR “Moẓaffar’s justice.” i. The phrase. ii. The newspaper. i. The Phrase The phrase ʿadl-e Moẓaffar is connected…
- ʿABBĀS B. ʿALĪ B. ABŪ ṬĀLEB
ʿABBĀS B. ʿALĪ B. ABŪ ṬĀLEB, a half brother of Imam Ḥosayn who fought bravely at the battle of Karbalā….