FĀRS viii. Dialects Oscar Mann (1909, p. XVII) described the linguistic diversity in Fārs as a kind of Babylonian confusion…

JAFR, a term of uncertain etymology (for which, see below) used to designate the major divinatory art in Islamic mysticism…

IRAN vii, concluded (10) Aramaic Aramaic has been documented since the early first millennium B.C.E. The following stages can be…

IRAN vii, continued (8) Semitic Languages of Iran First Aramaic and then Arabic had considerable contact with Iranian languages. Their…

IRAN vii, continued vii(9). Arabic During Sasanian times, several large Arab tribes moved into the Fertile Crescent. Some tribes were…

IRAN vii, continued vii(7). Turkic Languages of Iran In Iran, there are two distinct branches of Turkic: Oghuz Turkic languages…

IRAN vii, continued vii(5). Kassite The Kassites (q.v.), Akkadian Kaššu (Balkan, 1954), were mountain tribes probably somewhere in the central…

IRAN vii, continued vii(6) Non-Iranian Languages in Islamic Iran LANGUAGE FAMILIES The non-Iranian languages spoken today in Iran include members…

IRAN vii, continued (4) Urartian, with a Linguistic Sketch LINGUISTIC SKETCH OF URARTIAN Urartian was most likely the dominant vernacular…

IRAN vii, continued (2) Non-Iranian Languages in Pre-Islamic Iran Of the three known pre-Islamic languages (i.e., Urartian, Kassite, and Elamite)…

IRAN vii, continued (3) Elamite, with a Linguistic Sketch LINGUISTIC SKETCH OF ELAMITE As indicated above, Elamite was spoken in…

IRAN vii. Non-Iranian Languages of Iran This entry will discuss the non-Iranian languages spoken in Iran in the course of…