BABYLONIA ii. Babylonian Influences on Iran Introduction. We can distinguish three periods in the influence of Mesopotamian civilization on pre-Islamic…

BANG (Middle and New Persian; in Book Pahlavi also mang, Arabicized banj), a kind of narcotic plant. In older Arabic…

BAHRĀM, the Old Iranian god of victory, Avestan Vərəθraγna, Middle Persian Warahrān, Wahrān. i. In Old and Middle Iranian texts….

AVESTAN GEOGRAPHY. It is impossible to attribute a precise geographical location to the language of the Avesta. The Avestan texts,…

AŠTĀD (Mid. Pers.), Av. arštāt-, Old Iranian female deity of rectitude and justice. Arštāt in Avestan may be “justice” (I….

AŠAVAN (Avestan, also ašāvan-), lit. “possessing truth (aša).” This word is attested in Old Persian as artāvan-, and in Old…