AZERBAIJAN viii. Azeri (Āḏarī) Turkish Azeri belongs to the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family. In the eleventh century…

BAYĀT, an important Turkish tribe. Name and origin. Bayāt was one of the twenty-two Oghuz tribes listed in Maḥmūd Kāšḡarī’s…

ALTŪN TAMḠĀ “gold mark of ownership” (Tk.), a seal that was used throughout their empire by the Mongol rulers of…

ĀL TAMḠĀ “red seal,” Turkish term for the supreme seal of the Mongol Il-Khans of Iran. The term also meant…