AVICENNA vi. Psychology Like his metaphysics, Avicenna’s psychology or doctrine of the soul has an Aristotelian base with a strong…

AL-ASFĀR AL-ARBAʿA (The four journeys), or, more completely, al-Ḥekmat al-motaʿālīa fi’l-asfār al-ʿaqlīya al-arbaʿa (The sublime wisdom in the four rational…

ʿARAŻ, a term of philosophy meaning “accident.” In this article, chiefly the views of some major Iranian philosophers are discussed….

ʿAQL, “intellect, intelligence, reason.” i. General. ii. In Persian Literature.   i. General The term ʿaql is said by Arab…

ʿALĪ QŪŠJĪ (QŪŠJŪ), ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN ʿALĪ MOḤAMMAD, theologian and scientist (d. 879/1474). His father was falconer (qūščī) for the Timurid prince…

AḴLĀQ “ethics” (plural form of ḵoloq “inborn character, moral character, moral virtue”). Although no ethical document has come down from…