ELČĪ (īlčī), envoy, messenger, or official traveling on government business during the Mongol period and thereafter. The Mongols were especially…

DASTŪR AL-KĀTEB FĪ TAʿYĪN AL-MARĀTEB, administrative manual written by Moḥammad Naḵjavānī (ca. 679/1280-after 768/1366), son of Faḵr-al-Dīn Hendūšāh b. Sanjar…

DASTJERDĀNĪ, JAMĀL-AL-DĪN, Il-khanid bureaucrat. He first came to prominence as inspector of awqāf (pious endowments) in Iraq in 683/1284. Later,…

ČENGĪZ (Mong. Chinggis) KHAN, probably born in 562-63/1167 in northeastern Mongolia, the founder of the Mongol empire, the most extensive…

BOKĀVOL (Büke’ül), a term used in the Il-khanid period and after for a royal food taster or, later and more…

ĀMOLI, ŠAMS-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD B. MAḤMUD, Shiʿite scholar and author, died at Shiraz in 753/1352-53, when it was under the control…