CHORASMIA iii. The Chorasmian Language Chorasmian, the original Iranian language of Chorasmia, is attested at two stages of its development….

ĒRĀN-WĒZ, the Middle Persian designation of the territory of the Aryans. It is the development of an OIr. *aryānām waiǰah…

ĒRĀN, ĒRĀNŠAHR. The word ērān is first attested in the titles of Ardašīr I (q.v.), founder of the Sasanian dynasty….

ENGLISH i. Persian elements in English. ii. Persian Influences in English and American Literature. iii. Translations of Classical Persian Literature….

DŪRĀSRAW, according to the Pahlavi tradition the name of two legendary personages in the history of Zoroastrianism. The Pahlavi spelling…

DURA EUROPOS, ruined city on the right bank of the Euphrates between Antioch and Seleucia on the Tigris, founded in…

DUGDŌW, the name of Zoroaster’s mother, which appears in several different spellings in the Pahlavi texts, mostly more or less…

DATES AND DATING in Old and Middle Iranian. The only dating formulas preserved in an Old Iranian language are those…

DARMESTETER, JAMES (b. Château-Salins, Alsace, 12 March 1849, d. Paris, 19 October 1894), the great Iranist, was the son of…

DĀMDĀD NASK, the Middle Persian (Pahlavi) name of one of the lost nasks of the Avesta. It is probably the…

CONSTELLATIONS. Although several of the constellations visible in the northern hemisphere were recognized and named by the Sumerians already in…

CODEX CUMANICUS, a manuscript of eighty-two paper leaves, measuring approximately 20 x 14 cm, preserved in the Biblioteca Nazionale of…

ČIHRDĀD NASK, one of the lost nasks of the Avesta. In the first chapter of book VIII of the Pahlavi…

AVROMANI, the dialect of Avroman, properly Hawrāmi, is the most archaic of the Gōrāni group. All Gōrāni dialects exhibit a number…

AVROMAN (Hawrāmān, Persian Owrāmān), a mountainous region on the western frontier of Persian Kurdistan. It extends for approximately 50 km,…

AVROMAN DOCUMENTS, three parchments found in a cave in the Kūh-e Sālān, near Šār-e Owrāmān (see Avroman), and brought in…

ANDREAS, FRIEDRICH CARL, German Iranologist (1846-1930). i. Life and work. ii. The Andreas Nachlass. iii. The Andreas Theory.   i….

ĀMĀRGAR, a Middle and New Persian word designating a person holding a particular administrative post. i. Etymology. ii. The post….

GURĀNI. Gurāni, taking its name from the dialect now restricted to the region northwest of the village of Gahvāra (35…

GUMĒZIŠN, a Middle Persian noun, spelled gwmycšn in Pahlavi and gwmyzyšn in Manichean script, meaning “mixing, mingling, mixture.” It is…

GŌZIHR, the Middle Persian development of an old Iranian compound adjective *gau-čiθra-, recorded in the Younger Avesta (Yašt 7, passim;…

GŌBADŠĀH, the name of a mythical ruler first appearing in medieval Zoroastrianism. In Pahlavi his name is variously spelled gwpt-,…

FRAHANG Ī PAHLAWĪG, “a Pahlavi dictionary,” is rather a description than the title of an anonymous glossary of some five…