Boris A. Litvinsky
- EXCAVATIONS iv. In Chinese Turkestan
EXCAVATIONS iv. In Chinese Turkestan In contemporary geographic terminology, Chinese Turkestan refers to Xinjiang (Sinkiang), the Uighur Autonomous Region of…
- EXCAVATIONS iii. In Central Asia
EXCAVATIONS iii. In Central Asia History of Excavations (Figure 1) Archeological and architectural monuments of Central Asia are mentioned in…
- AJINA TEPE
AJINA TEPE, the present-day name of the mound covering the ruins of an early medieval Buddhist monastery (sarighārāma). It is…
- FONDOQESTĀN
FONDOQESTĀN (FONDUKISTAN), early medieval settlement and Buddhist monastery in Afghanistan, in the province of Parvān (Parwan). The site is situated…
- DYAKONOV, MIKHAIL MIKHAĬLOVICH
D’YAKONOV, MIKHAIL MIKHAĬLOVICH (b. St. Petersburg, 26 June 1907, d. Moscow, 8 June 1954), Russian scholar of Iranian studies. The…
- KAFIR KALA
KAFIR KALA (Kāfer Qalʿa), an ancient settlement in Tajikistan. The settlement of Kafir Kala is one of the largest archeological…
- IRON IN EASTERN IRAN
IRON IN EASTERN IRAN. The Iron Age (q.v.) started in eastern Iran later than it did in the Near East…
- HELMET i. In Pre-Islamic Iran
HELMET i. IN PRE-ISLAMIC IRAN Helmets came into use in the Middle East at a very early date. Among the…
- GANDHĀRAN ART
GANDHĀRAN ART: Iranian contributions and Iranian connections. The region attained its peak of prosperity in the Kushan period (1st to…
- SHIELD in Eastern Iran
SHIELD in Eastern Iran In Lurestan, a round bronze shield was found, which has a skirting along the edge, an…
- ARMOR ii. In Eastern Iran
ARMOR ii. IN EASTERN IRAN By the 6th, or even 7th, century BCE, the Scythian and Northern Caucasian nomads had…
- ARROWS in Eastern Iran
ARROWS IN EASTERN IRAN. Arrows came in use along with the bow, and the two developed in parallel. In the…
- BUDDHISM iv. Buddhist Sites in Afghanistan and Central Asia
BUDDHISM iv. BUDDHIST SITES IN AFGHANISTAN AND CENTRAL ASIA The spread of Buddhism beyond the Indian subcontinent accelerated under the…
- SPEAR
SPEAR in Eastern Iran. Spear (Av. aršti- ‘spear,’ OPers. aršti ‘throwing weapon’ or ‘javelin’) is mentioned in the Avesta several…
- BATTLE-AXES in Eastern Iran
BATTLE-AXES in Eastern Iran. Battle-axes made of bronze appeared in Eastern Iran during the Bronze Age. One such object comes…
- ILĀQ
ILĀQ, medieval name of an area in what is now Uzbekistan, to the south of Tashkent along the middle reaches…
- GAFUROV, BOBODZHAN GAFUROVICH
GAFUROV, BOBODZHAN GAFUROVICH (b. 1908; d. 1977; Figure 1), Tajik statesman, academician, and historian. Gafurov was born in the Ispisar…