Bertold Spuler
(1911–1990), scholar of East European history and Oriental studies (FIGURE 1). Among his many publications are important works on the history of the Iranian lands from the 7th century CE onwards. See SPULER, Bertold.
- ATĀBAKĀN-E FĀRS
ATĀBAKĀN-E FĀRS, princes of the Salghurid dynasty who ruled Fārs in the 6th/12th and 7th/13th centuries, initially with the status…
- BĀYDŪ
BĀYDŪ (Baidu, on coins Badu), a son of Ṭaraḡāy and grandson of Hülegü (Hūlāgū), reigned as il-khan in Iran from…
- ATĀBAKĀN-E LORESTĀN
ATĀBAKĀN-E LORESTĀN, rulers of Lorestān, part of the Zagros highlands of southwestern Iran in the later middle ages. Lorestān had…
- ASTRAKHAN
ASTRAKHAN (Tatar and Persian Ḥāǰǰī Tarḵān, also Àdarḵān, Haštarḵān, and Aštarakān), a town (Russian since 1556) at 46° 21’ north…
- ASHKHABAD
ASHKHABAD (Russian; Persian ʿEšqābād), since 1924 the capital of the Soviet Republic of Turkmenistan. It lies 40 km north of…
- ARAL SEA
ARAL SEA, Daryā(ča)-ye Ḵᵛārazm, inland sea in western Turkestan, bounded since 1924 and 1936 by Karakalpaqistan (part of the Soviet…
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ĀMŪ DARYĀ, Gk. Oxos, Lat. Oxus, Sasanian Mid. Pers. Wehrōd, Ar. Jayḥūn (to the 7th/13th cent.), Chinese Kui-shui, Wu-hu, or…
- ʿALĪŠĀH, TĀJ-AL-DĪN
ʿALĪŠĀH, TĀJ-AL-DĪN, vizier of the two Il-khans Ölǰeytü (r. 703-17/1304-16) and Abū Saʿīd (r. 717-36/1317-35). In his youth as a…
- ĀL-E KART
ĀL-E KART, or perhaps ĀL-E KORT, an east Iranian dynasty (643-791/1245-1389). Their capital was at Herat, and their realm initially…
- ABU’L-ḠĀZĪ BAHĀDOR KHAN
ABU’L-ḠĀZĪ BAHĀDOR KHAN, khan of Ḵīva (r. 1054-74/1644 to 1663-64) and Čaḡatāy historian. The son of ʿArab Moḥammad Khan, Uzbek…
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- ĀBEŠ ḴĀTŪN
ĀBEŠ ḴĀTŪN, Salghurid ruler of Fārs (663-85/1263-84), daughter of Atābeg Saʿd II. While still a child (in Rabīʿ I, 663/December,…
- COMMERCE iv. Before the Mongol Conquest
COMMERCE iv. Before the Mongol Conquest There were no centers of trade of supraregional importance in either Persia or Central…
- CENTRAL ASIA v. In the Mongol and Timurid Periods
CENTRAL ASIA v. In the Mongol and Timurid Periods At the death of Čengīz (Chinggis) Khan in 624/1227 the territory he…
- BŪQĀ
BŪQĀ (Būqāy, Boḡā), Mongolian Boḡa, Mongol general who took part in the fighting between the il-khans Aḥmad Takūdār (Tegüder) and…
- BORĀQ (RULER)
BORĀQ, ruler of the Chaghatay khanate in Transoxiana (664-70/1266-71); properly Baraq, the pronunciation Borāq having been assimilated to the name of…
- BOLOD
BOLOD, CHʿENG-HSIANG (Pers. Pūlād Čīnksāng), the representative of the Great Khan Qubilai at the court of the Il-khans of Iran….
- ÖZGÄND
ÖZGÄND (or Özkänd; Persian and Arabic: Uzkand), in the Middle Ages, a thriving city on the eastern edge of the…