Ahmad Ashraf
Articles by Ahmad Ashraf
- MIRJALĀLI, MAḤMUD
MIRJALĀLI, MAḤMUD (b. Tehran, 14 Šaʿbān 1316/28 January 1898; d. Tehran, 20 Rajab 1403/3 May 1983, FIGURE 1), Major General, a…
- FACULTIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEHRAN iii. Faculty of Law and Political Science
FACULTIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEHRAN iii. Faculty of Law and Political Science The Faculty of Law and Political Science…
- FĀRS iv. History in the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods
FĀRS iv. History in the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods In the 19th and 20th centuries Persia underwent major political, social…
- CLASS SYSTEM iv. Classes In Medieval Islamic Persia
CLASS SYSTEM iv. Classes In Medieval Islamic Persia Little evidence survives to show how a new social order replaced the…
- CLASS SYSTEM v. Classes in the Qajar Period
CLASS SYSTEM v. Classes in the Qajar Period In Persia under the Qajars (1210-1344/1796-1925) there continued to be a fundamental…
- CLASS SYSTEM vi. Classes in the Pahlavi Period
CLASS SYSTEM vi. Classes in the Pahlavi Period Under Pahlavi rule (1304-58 Š./1925-79) Persia became a powerful centralized state with…
- BAZAR iii. Socioeconomic and Political Role
BAZAR iii. Socioeconomic and Political Role of the Bāzār 1. The bāzār in the Islamic Iranian city. The bāzār in…
- FĀRS-NĀMA-YE NĀṢERĪ
FĀRS-NĀMA-YE NĀṢERĪ, a history and geography of the province of Fārs, with maps and illustrations, by Mīrzā Ḥasan Fasāʾī (b….
- FARMĀNFARMĀ
FARMĀNFARMĀ (lit. “giver of an order,” i.e., ruler, commander), an epithet with three usages in the Safavid and Qajar periods….
- EQBĀL, MANŪČEHR
EQBĀL, MANŪČEHR (b. in Mašhad, 27 Ramażān 1327/14 Oct. 1909; d. in Tehran, 14 Āḏar 1356 Š./25 Nov. 1977), prime…
- ʿENĀYAT, ḤAMĪD
ʿENĀYAT, ḤAMĪD (1311-61 Š/1932-82), political scientist and translator. He was born in Tehran into a middle-class family of religious scholars….
- EDUCATION vii. GENERAL SURVEY OF MODERN EDUCATION
EDUCATION vii. GENERAL SURVEY OF MODERN EDUCATION A modern system of national education emerged in Persia in the 1920s and…
- CONSPIRACY THEORIES
CONSPIRACY THEORIES in Persia, a complex of beliefs attributing the course of Persian history and politics to the machinations of…
- CHAMBER of GUILDS
CHAMBER OF GUILDS (Oṭāq-e aṣnāf), a federation of various guilds formed in 1350 Š./1971 under the “guild-organization act” (Qānūn-e neẓām-e…
- CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, INDUSTRIES, AND MINES OF PERSIA
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, INDUSTRIES, AND MINES OF PERSIA (Oṭāq-e bāzargānī wa ṣanāyeʿ wa maʿāden-e Īrān; also called Oṭāq-e Īrān), a…
- ĀBĀDĪ
ĀBĀDĪ, Persian term meaning “settlement, inhabited space;” it is applied basically to the rural environment, but in colloquial usage it…
- ISLAM IN IRAN xiii. ISLAMIC POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN 20TH CENTURY IRAN
ISLAM IN IRAN xiii. ISLAMIC POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN 20TH CENTURY IRAN New Islamic political movements first emerged in the Near…
- IRANIAN IDENTITY iv. 19TH-20TH CENTURIES
IRANIAN IDENTITY iv. IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES Iran entered the age of nation-building and nationalism of the 19th…
- IRANIAN IDENTITY i. PERSPECTIVES
IRANIAN IDENTITY i. PERSPECTIVES ON IRANIAN IDENTITY Perspectives on Iranian identity have been influenced by competing views on the origins…
- IRANIAN IDENTITY iii. MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC PERIOD
IRANIAN IDENTITY iii. MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC PERIOD Following the cultural shock and the crisis of identity that occurred in the first…