EDUCATION xvi. SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS No standardized schoolbooks existed in Persia before the advent of the modern educational system. The first…

EDUCATION x. MIDDLE AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS Modern secondary education in Persia was originally based on the 19th-century European humanistic system,…

EDUCATION xi. PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND EDUCATIONAL GROUPS Despite government intervention in educational matters since the foundation of Dār al-fonūn (q.v.)…

HADAF EDUCATIONAL GROUP (Goruh-e Farhangi-e Hadaf). A pioneering private educational complex founded in Tehran in 1949-50 by Aḥmad Birašk and…