DRUGS (Pers. dārū, Pers-Ar. dawā, pl. adwīa), in medieval Muslim literature any vegetable, mineral, or animal substance that acts on…

DENTISTRY (dandān-pezeškī) in Persia. No specific information about dentistry in pre-Islamic Persia has survived, but a reference in the Avesta…

DĀM-PEZEŠKĪ, veterinary medicine. i. In the pre-Islamic period. ii. In Islamic Persia. i. In the Pre-Islamic Period Widespread and developed…

DĀḠ (Av. daxša-, Bal. daḵta), brand, a mark made by touching the body of an animal or human being with…

ČAŠM-PEZEŠKĪ, ophthalmology. In ancient Persia and the first two centuries of Islam. Although no direct information about eye therapy in…

BĪMĀRESTĀN, hospital (from Persian bīmār “sick,” Pahlavi wēmār, with the suffix denoting place -stān). Both bīmārestān and the shorter form…