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AWLĪĀʾALLĀH ĀMOLĪ, the author of the history of Rūyān, Tārīḵ-eRūyān, written about 760/1359. Nothing is known about his life except for a few data mentioned in his book. He was born and lived in Āmol in Māzandarān until 750/1349 when he fled because of the upheaval in the town following…

AWRANGĀBĀDĪ, SHAH NEẒĀM-AL-DĪN, the celebrated Češtī saint said to be a descendant of Abū Bakr, the first caliph, in the line of Šehāb-al-dīn Sohravardī (Raḥīmbaḵš, Šajarat al-anwār, fol. 383a). According to Mawlawī Elāhbaḵš (Ḵātam-e solaymānī, Lahore, 1325/1907) he was born in 1076/1665-66 while Najm-al-dīn Češtī (Manāqeb al-maḥbūbīn, p. 47) implicitly…

Search terms:  اورنگ آبادی، عبدالحی awrang abadi, abdolhai orang abady, abdolhay orang aabadi, abdolhai    

Search terms:  اورنگ آبادی، عبدالرزاق awrang abadi, abdolrazagh orang abady, abdolrazaq orang aabdi, abdoulrazaagh  

Search terms: اورامان   oraman  ouraman oraaman  

AWṢĀF AL-AŠRĀF, a short mystical-ethical work in Persian by Naṣīr-al-dīn Ṭūsī, written late in life, ca. 670/1271-72. According to its introduction, it was composed after the Aḵlāq-e nāṣerī for Ṣāḥeb-e Dīvān Šams-al-dīn Moḥammad Jovaynī, statesman and brother of the historian ʿAlāʾ-al-dīn ʿAṭā Malek. Its genuineness is questioned by those who feel…

Search terms:  اوتاد awtad otad otaad    

AXSE, the name of a Parthian hostage in Rome, inscribed in the dedication of an epitaph engraved on a marble plaque and discovered at the Forum Boarium in Rome (Priuli, 1977, pp. 331-34; 1979, p. 25, no. 78). The text is as follows: 1.[————————] 2.[——————-] and 3.Iulia Axse, Parthian hostage,…

ĀXŠTI (Avestan) “Peace, contract of peace.” The existence of a late Avestan divinity Āxšti (fem.) is doubtful. The common noun, “peace,” occurs several times (Yt. 10.29, 11.14; Y. 60.5; Pursišnīhā 26) but personified only in the Young Avestan litanies, in which a large number of abstract notions are personified: as…

AXT (Av. Axtya), a sorcerer and, according to Zoroastrian tradition, a vehement, early opponent of the Religion. He was defeated in a verbal contest by Yōšt ī Friyān (Yōišta of the Fryānas), who had sacrificed to Ardvī Sūrā Anāhitā, asking “that I may be victorious over the false Axt of…

AXTAR (Middle and New Persian) “star” or “constellation.” This word, which first appears in Pahlavi, is an early back-formation from Middle Persian apāxtar (abāxtar) (planet) produced by artificial dropping of the first component (false deglutination). This was made possible by a notion that apāxtar meant “off-star” or “unstar” (nē-axtar), whereas…

AXTARMĀR (or AXTARĀMĀR, Pahlavi; AXTARMAR, Man. Mid. Persian) “astronomer.” The astronomers were included in the category of the third of the four Sasanian social classes, i.e., the class of the scribes, together with the physicians and poets (Nāma-ye Tansar, p. 12; ʿAhd-e Ardašīr, p. 54; Ketāb al-tāj, p. 25). In…

ĀXWARR (NPers. ĀḴOR), Middle Persian term meaning “manger” or “stall” and borrowed into Armenian as axoṙ. It is derived from ā-xwarna, a combination of xwar- (drink, eat) with the preverb ā. Since ancient times a Near Eastern manger has normally been a recess hollowed out of a thick mud-brick wall…