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ʿĀREFĪ HERAVĪ, MAWLĀNĀ MAḤMŪD, a poet of the 9th/15th century contemporary with the Timurid Šāhroḵ. Either because he followed the style of Salmān Sāvaǰī in his qaṣsīdas or because he shared that poet’s affliction with chronic eye disease, he was called “The Second Salmān.” He was described as an “exceedingly…

ʿĀREŻ (Arabic ʿĀriḍ, from the verb ʿaraḍa, also iʿtaraḍa, istaʿraḍa, “to lay open to view,” i.e., for inspection), the official in medieval eastern Islamic states who had charge of the administrative side of the military forces, being especially concerned with payment, recruitment, training, and inspection; he thus combined many of…

ʿARŪSĪ, the secular wedding celebration which follows the wedding contract ceremony (ʿaqd). The two ceremonies may occur on the same day or be separated by larger amounts of time-days, months, or even years. Only after the ʿarūsī do the new husband and wife begin married life. Most ʿarūsī observances are…

ʿARŪŻ (عروض), the term applied to the metrical system used by the Arab poets since pre-Islamic times, and more specifically to the method of scanning and classifying these meters. The origin of the term has received various explanations; the most tempting, though not necessarily the most likely, is that it…

ʿARŪŻĪ, YŪSOF, rhetorician and poet of the 4th/10th century, samples of whose poetry are preserved in the Loḡat-e fors and the Moʿǰam. Rādūyānī mentions a work on ʿarūż (metrics) composed in Persian by a certain Abū Yūsof who is most likely to be identical with Yūsof ʿArūżī. Nothing else is…

ʿARŻ, DĪVĀN(-E), the department of the administration which, in the successor states to the ʿAbbasid caliphate in the Islamic East, looked after military affairs, such as the recruitment and discharge of soldiers, their pay allotments, their training in the military and equestrian skills, the procurement of arms and mounts, the…

ʿAŠĀYER, tribes. 1. Definitions. 2. Historical background. 3. Population figures. 4. Territorial distribution: (a) Lor and Lak tribes; (b) Kurdish tribes; (c) Turkish tribes; (d) Arab tribes; (e) Baluch and Brahui tribes. 5. Organization. 6. Economy. 1. Definitions. In Persian texts the words ʿašīra, qabīla, īl, ṭāyefa, ūymāq, ūlūs, and…

ʿĀṢEM EFENDĪ, SAYYED AḤMAD (1168/1755-1236/1819), an Ottoman Turkish linguist and chronicler, known as Mütercim (translator) in recognition of his translations of two famous dictionaries, the Persian Borhān-e qāteʿ and the Arabic al-Qāmūs al-moḥīṭ. Born at ʿAyntāb (now Gaziantep) in the province of Aleppo, ʿĀṣem came from a cultured family related…

ʿĀṢEMI(also Osimi and Asimov) MOḤAMMAD, Tajik educator, scholar, statesman, and humanist (b. Ḵojand, 1 September 1920; d. Dushanbe, 29 July 1996; Figure 1). He had a difficult early life in the early years of the Soviet rule. After completion of technical school in his hometown, he attended ʿAlišēr Navāʾi University in…

ʿĀŠEQ, in Azerbaijan (both in Iran and Azerbaijan SSR) a poet and minstrel who accompanies his singing on a long-necked, fretted, plucked chordophone known as a sāz (q.v.). These poet-minstrels have lived and performed among Turkic peoples since before the advent of Islam. Each group has its own name for…

ʿĀŠEQ EṢFAHĀNĪ, ĀQĀ MOḤAMMAD ḴAYYĀṬ (or, in one account, Moḥammad Khan), a Persian poet of the 12th/18th century (pen name ʿĀšeq). He must have been born ca. 1111/1700, as he is reported to have died at the age of 70 in 1181/1768. ʿĀšeq’s work consists almost entirely of short lyric…

ʿĀŠEQ HAWĀSĪ “melody of the ʿāšeq,” term referring to (1) a type of poem often sung by ʿāšeqs in Iranian Azerbaijan and (2) the typical manner of singing the poem and the manner of accompanying it on the sāz (musical instrument). 1. The ʿāšeq hawāsī poem is most often composed…

ʿĀšeq jonun: music of Azerbaijan   title ʿĀšeq Jonun genre/topic epic tale language Azeri Turkish performer ʿĀšeq Aslān, from West Azerbaijan Province, vocal and instrumental instrument čoḡur or sāz (long-necked lute) composer   author/poet   first line of poem   recorded by Raḥim Šabḵiz, collected and researched by Fozieh Majd…

ʿASJADĪ, ABŪ NAẒAR ʿABD-AL-ʿAZĪZ B. MANṢŪR MARVAZĪ, a poet of the first half of the 5th/11th century. Reżā-qolī Khan Hedāyat (Maǰmaʿ al-foṣaḥāʾ II, p. 870) gives his nesba as Marvazī Qazvīnī, while Dawlatšāh (ed. Browne, p. 47) refers to him as Heravī; but the nesba Marvazī given by ʿAwfī (Lobāb,…