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ʿABDALLĀH, MAWLĀNĀ QAVĀM-AL-DĪN ABU’L-BAQĀʾ B. MAḤMŪD B. ḤASAN ŠĪRĀZĪ, 14th century theologian and faqīh of Shiraz (d. 772/1370). He received his elementary education from his father Mawlānā Naǰm-al-dīn, a famous scholar and Sufi of his time, and later learned the seven readings of the Koran from Moḥebb-al-dīn Mawṣelī, whose daughter…

ʿABDALLĀH, ŠĀH (d. 890/1485), Persian Sufi who introduced the Šaṭṭārī order into India. His family claimed descent from Shaikh Šehāb-al-dīn Sohravardī, while he traced his spiritual genealogy to Shaikh Abū Yazīd Ṭayfūr Besṭāmī. His selsela was known as ʿEšqīya in Iran and Besṭāmīya in Asia Minor (Golzār-e abrār, fol. 101a),…

ʿABDALLĀH, ṢĀRĪ (922-1071/1584-1660), Ottoman scholar, mystic, poet, and commentator of Rūmī’s Maṯnavī. He was one of the sons of a shaikh who was originally from the Maḡreb. After completing his education with his relative, the grand vizier Ḵalīl Pasha, he became connected with ʿAzīz Maḥmūd Hodāʾī of the shaikhs of…

ʿABDĀN B. AL-RABĪṬ, early Ismaʿili missionary (dāʿī) and author active in the rural district (savād) of Kūfa. According to the account of Abu’l-Qāsem Kāšānī (Zobdat al-tawārīḵ, chapter on Esmāʿīlīya, ed. M. T. Dānešpažūh, Tabrīz, 1343 Š./1964, p. 19), he came from a village called D-v-r-vā in the savād. However, in…

ʿABDĪ, pen name of ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN PASHA, Ottoman official and historian, d. Raǰab, 1103/March, 1692. He was educated at the palace school and held various positions. Promoted to the post of kubbe veziri, he served as governor of several Ottoman provinces (lastly of Kandiya). At the request of Mehmet IV, he…

ʿABDĪ BOḴĀRĀʾĪ, ʿABDALLĀH ḴᵛĀJA, (d. 1340/1921-22), Tajik taḏkeranevīs (biographer) and poet. He was born in Bokhara to the family of a modarres (madrasa instructor) in the late 1270s/early 1860s. In one of his qaṣīdas he claims to descend from the Samanids (Afżal Maḵdūm Pīrmastī, Afżal al-teḏkār fī ḏekr al-šoʿarāʾ wa’l-ašʿār,…

ʿABDĪ NĪŠĀPŪRĪ, also known as ʿABDĪ QALANDAR and ʿABDĪ ŠĀHĪ, calligrapher and poet active in the first half of the 10th/16th century. Writing ca. 957/1550 Sām Mīrzā Ṣafavī mentions that ʿAbdī had died within the last two years (Toḥfa-ye Sāmī, Tehran, 1314 Š./1935, p. 18). Bayānī has disputed this statement,…

ʿABDĪ ŠĪRĀZĪ, ḴᵛĀJĀ ZAYN-AL-ʿĀBEDĪN ʿALĪ B. ʿABD-AL-MOʾMEN (921-88/1513-80), also known by his taḵalloṣ Novīdī, a poet from a notable family of Shiraz (not Isfahan as is reported in Rūz-e rowšan). He was probably born and raised in Tabrīz, his mother’s hometown, where his father had settled. He worked as a…

ʿĀBEDĪ, ABU’L-RAJĀʾ AḤMAD B. ʿABD-AL-ṢAMAD, a landowner (dehqān) of Transoxania. At Samarqand in 504/1110-11 (during the reign of the Qarakhanid Arslān Khan Moḥammad b. Solaymān, son-in-law of the Saljuq Sultan Sanǰar), he related to Neẓāmī ʿArūżī how the poet Rūdakī had been rewarded by the Samanid Naṣr b. Aḥmad (250-79/864-92)…

ʿABHAR AL-ʿĀŠEQĪN, one of the most characteristic works of the great Persian mystic Rūzbehān Baqlī Šīrāzī (522-606/1128-1209). The word ʿabhar is generally considered to be the Arabic equivalent of Persian narges, itself a loanword from Greek narkissos (“narcissus”). Without enumerating the difficulties of comparative floral nomenclature, one may say that…

ʿADĀLAT (“Justice”), name of several periodicals. 1. A weekly, illustrated, lithographed magazine published in Tabrīz in 1906 as the successor to al-Ḥadīd (founded in 1897 and revived in 1905 by Āqā Sayyed Moḥammad Šabestarī. After the constitutional revolution the name was changed to ʿAdālat, under the editorship of Mīrzā Maḥmūd…

ʿADAS. i. Lentils. ii. Vetch (ʿadas-e waḥšī). i. Lentils Two main species are found in Iran: common (ʿadas-e maʿmūlī, Lens culinaris) and oriental (ʿadas-e ābī, Lens orientalis). The common lentil grows wild in northwest, east, south and southeast Iran, while the oriental lentil grows around Tehran to the north, west,…

ʿĀDEL SHAH AFŠĀR, the royal title of ʿAlī-qolī Khan, r. 1160-61/1747-48, nephew and successor of Nāder Shah. The eldest son of Nāder’s brother, Ebrāhīm Khan, ʿAlī-qolī Khan was appointed governor of Mašhad in 1150/1737 and in the same year married Kethewan, daughter of the Georgian king Taymoraz (Tamaris). Three years…

ʿĀDELŠĀHĪS, a dynasty of Indo-Muslim kings who governed the city-state of Bijapur from 895/1490 to 1097/1686. The city and its surrounding territories became an important province when, in the 8th/14th century, Muslim settlers in the Deccan declared their independence from the Delhi sultanate and founded the Bahmanī kingdom (see Bahmanids)….

ʿADL, Aḥmad-Ḥosayn (b. Tabriz, 1277Š./1898, d. 1341Š /1963, FIGURE 1), minister of agriculture, Director General of the Plan Organization, and the first director of the College of Agronomy (Madrasa-ye ʿāli-e falāḥat; see faculties of the university of tehran. i. faculty of agriculture). His father was an eminent local figure in…