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RAʿD (Thunder), the name of a newspaper published by Sayyed Żiyāʾ-al-Din Ṭabāṭabāʾi in Tehran, from 5 Āḏar 1292 to 28 Bahman 1299/27 November 1913 to 18 February 1921, with interruptions. Raʿd was preceded by Šarq (east) and Barq (lightning), also published by Seyyed Żiyāʾ. The publishing life of Raʿd was…

RAʿDI AZARAKHSHI, Gholam-ʿAli (Ḡolām-ʿAli Raʿdi Āḏaraḵaši, b. Tabriz, 20 September 1909; d. Tehran, 6 August 1999), prominent poet of the 20th century. Raʿdi Azarakhshi was born in Tabriz where his father, Moḥammad ʿAli Efteḵār Laškar, was an accountant (mostowfi).  His paternal roots can be traced back to the mostowfis of Āštiān….

RED DEER, Cervus elaphus, in Persian: marāl and also gavazn and gāv-e kuhi i. Natural history. ii. In Persian art. i. NATURAL HISTORY The red deer ranges from Europe to Northeast Asia, its appearance changing gradually, until, from Central Asia eastward, it becomes quite similar to the North American wapiti…

REDARD, GEORGES (b. 1922 in Neuchâtel, d. 2005 in Kirchlindach), Swiss scholar of comparative grammar of the Indo-European languages and Iranian dialectology. Georges Redard was born in Switzerland, close to the French border. He studied classics at Neuchâtel University, where he also studied Russian, Lithuanian, Sanskrit, and Persian. He was…

REICHELT, HANS (b. 20 April, 1877 in Baden near Vienna, d. 12 May 1939 in Baden), Austrian scholar of Indo-European and Iranian studies (FIGURE 1). The son of a printer he enrolled in 1896 at Vienna University for taking up studies of classical, Germanic and Indo-Iranian philology and comparative linguistics…

Reng-e Čahārgāh title Reng-e Čahārgāh genre/topic Reng-e Čahārgāh language   performer Ali Akbar Shahnazi instrument  Tār composer   author/poet   first line of poem   recorded by   place of recording   date of recording   duration 3:04 source Ostād Ali Akbar Shahnazi, Mahoor Institute of Culture and Art M.CD-53…

RESĀLA-YE MADANIYA, a treatise of some 130 pages by Abd-al-Baha (ʿAbd-al-Bahāʾ), internally dated in 1292/1875 (Abd-al-Baha, 1984, p. 72; 1957, p. 62), which calls on the Iranian people to ‘awake’ and take the steps necessary to modernize the country. The treatise is written in a highly literary style, making extensive…

REŻWĀNŠAHR, small town and sub-provencial unit (šahrestān) in the western part of Gilān Province.  The town is located at lat 37°33′ N, long 49°07′ E.  The district is created from the traditional region of Ṭāleš Dulāb, which resulted from the division of the large district of Gaskar, when Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah Qājār…

RHETORICAL FIGURES (ṣanāyeʿ, ṣenāʿāt, “artifices;” badāyeʿ “novelties;” maḥāsen, moḥassanāt, “beauties”), devices of embellishment, tropes, and figures considered as an intrinsic part of literary expression in medieval Persia (on the taste for the use of rhetorical devices and ornament as one of the general features of Persian literature see Yarshater, 1988,…

RHODOGUNE (Gk. Rhodogoúnē) in all probability is rendering OIran. *Vṛda-gaunā-, fem. “rose-colored” or “rosy-complexioned” (cf. Schmitt, 2011, pp. 312f., also for other interpretations), even if with assimilation to Gk. rhódon “rose”; the same origin must be assumed for Sogd. warδγōn “rosy” and Pers. gulgūn “rose-colored”. There is evidence for several…

RHOXANE (Gk. Rhōxánē), a woman’s name (in English and other modern languages usually Roxane), and the Greek rendering of OIr. *Raṷxšnā-. i. The name. ii. Alexander’s wife.

RHOXANE i. THE NAME Rhoxane is a woman’s name, and the Greek rendering of OIr. *Raṷxšnā-, f. (not *Raṷxšā̆nā-), that is the feminine counterpart of masculine *Raṷxšna-, Gk. Rhōxánēs (in Plutarch, Themistocles 29.1 a chiliarch of Xerxes I). More probable than to think of a one-stem name (“the shining one”)…

RHOXANE ii. ALEXANDER’S WIFE The most famous bearer of the name Rhoxane (Gk. Rhōxánē) was Alexander’s wife, whose father, Oxyartes, is called a Bactrian in all the sources (e.g., Arrian, Anab., 4.18.4, 7.4.4). His name, which occurs in various forms, usually is found applied to Persians, such as Ox(y)athres, brother…

RHYTON in ancient Iran. The word rhyton is the Greek neuter of rhytos “flowing,” from rhein “to flow,” plural rhyta (Wissowa, 1935, pp. 643-45). The word is often translated as “drinking horn,” primarily because of its appearance, due to its manufacture from the curved horn of a bovid. At its…

RIAHI, MOHAMMAD AMIN (Moḥammad Amin Riāḥi, b. Ḵoy, 1 April 1923; d. Tehran, 4 April 2009), prominent scholar of Persian classical literature, statesman, and professor of Persian language and literature. i. Life ii. Works   i. Life Mohammad Amin Riahi was born in the city of Ḵoy, in Western Azerbaijan,…