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KÖROĞLU, also Göroḡly, name of an early-17th-century folk hero and poet, whose stories are mainly known among the Turkic peoples. But they have also passed into the folk literature of the Armenians, Georgians, Kurds and Bulghars, and circulate in the Iranian provinces of Azerbaijan and Khorasan. There are at least…

Köroğlu (1) title Köroğlu genre/topic Dastgāh-e Māhur, guša Köroğlu language   performer Nur ‘Ali Borumand instrument Tār composer   author/poet   first line of poem   recorded by Stephen Blum place of recording Urbana, Illinois, USA date of recording April 8, 1967 duration 2:26 source University of Illinois Archives of Ethnomusicology,…

Köroğlu (2) title Köroğlu genre/topic Epic tale language Khorasani Turkish performer Baḵši Isā Qolipur, voice and dotār instrument Voice with dotār composer   author/poet   first line of poem Adım Köroğlu Köroğlu Köroğlu recorded by Ameneh Youssezadeh place of recording Bojnurd date of recording Jun 1997 duration 8:01 source Used with…

KÖROĞLU i. LITERARY TRADITION Linguistic diffusion. The Oḡuz (see ḠOZZ) Turkic versions of the Köroǧlu story are known among the Azerbaijanis (see AZERBAIJAN), the Turks of Anatolia, and the Turkmen, and they are most similar to each other regarding language and plot. According to the 19th-century Persian tradition (Chodźko, p….

KÖROĞLU ii. PERFORMANCE ASPECTS Bards usually perform the Köroǧlu/Goroḡli epic to the accompaniment of a string instrument, such as the sāz, the dambura, or the dutār. In some traditions, Köroǧlu/Goroḡli is an entirely separate music genre whose performance requires a demanding training in vocal technique and memory. In Badaḵšān, for…

The Köroğlu Story: an Excerpt title The Köroğlu Story: an Excerpt genre/topic Epic tale language Turkish performer Āšuq Esmā’il Ja’fariniā, voice instrument Voice with kamānče and tonbak composer   author/poet   first line of poem   recorded by   place of recording   date of recording   duration 4:19 source…

KOROSH Korosh (کُرُش) is the name of a tribe (tāyefe, طایفه) scattered across southwestern Iran, whose traditional livelihood is based on camel and goat husbandry, and whose language is closely related to southern varieties of Balochi. The Korosh living in Fars Province are closely associated with the Qašqā’i tribal confederacy….

KOROSH i. The Korosh people Geographical distribution. The Korosh (کُرُش) tribe (tāyefe, طایفه) is scattered across large areas of southwestern Iran, from Hormozgan all the way to Khuzestan, and onto the Iranian plateau. In general, Korosh communities are found in villages near large towns and cities, and in the suburbs…

KOROSH ii. Linguistic Overview of Koroshi From a linguistic point of view, Koroshi can be described as a distinct subgroup within the Balochi macro-language, although it shares many features with southern dialects of Balochi. Koroshi itself also displays internal dialect divergences: the Koroshi spoken in Fars Province (the ‘northern’ dialect)…

ḴORRAMIS (Khorramis or Ḵorramdinis), adherents of a form of Iranian religion often identified as a survival or revival of the Zoroastrian heresy, Mazdakism. Their name first appears in 118/736, when the Hāšemite missionary Ḵedāš was repudiated for having adopted din al-Ḵorramiya (Ṭabari, II, p. 1588). After the Hāšemite revolution the…

ḴORRAMIS IN BYZANTIUM. The term Ḵorrrami refers to a member of the geographically extensive religious and political rebellious group which fought against the ʿAbbasid caliphate (Madelung, pp. 63-64). The term was also used specifically for those Iranians who fought the ʿAbbasid caliph Moʿtaṣem be’llāh (r. 833-41) and enrolled in the…

ḴORŠĀH B. QOBĀD ḤOSEYNI, NEẒĀM-AL-DIN (d. 25 Ḏo’l-Qaʿda 972/4 July 1565), a Hyderabad-based diplomat and historian of Iranian descent best known for his composition of a universal chronicle in Persian in the name of the Qoṭbšāhi ruler, Ebrāhim (r. 1550-80). LIFE Little is known about Ḵoršāh’s life and career. Contemporary epistolary…

ḴORŠĀH, ROKN-AL-DIN (b. Rudbār, ca. 627/1230; k. in Mongolia, 655/1257), Nezāri Ismaʿili imam and the last lord of Alamut. Rokn-al-Din, also known just as Ḵoršāh, was the eldest son of ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad III (r. 618-53/1221-55), and, in his childhood, he was designated by his father to succeed to the Nezāri…

ḴOŠ MAḤAL, Tughluqid audience hall in the Deccan, located in the southern Indian city of Warangal, which had served as the capital of the Kakatiya kingdom from the late 12th century until 723/1323.  In that year, Warangal fell to forces of the Delhi Sultanate led by the Tughluqid prince Oloḡ…

KOŠĀNIYA (or Košāni), a medieval Sogdian town to the west of Samarkand. Its name is most probably related to the Yuezhi Kušān dynasty (see KUSHAN DYNASTY)—or, more probably, its claimed heirs, such as the Kidarites (see Aman ur Rahman et al., p. 128), who once controlled Sogdiana in the 5th…